I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.

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I. Each of the statements below is followed by fou
r alternative answers. Choose  the one that would 
best complete the statement and put the letter in 
the bracket. (????,?10?)
II. Fill in each blank with a word contrary in
meaning to the word given in the bracket.
(????,?5?)
III. Match the words in column A with those in
column B (5?)???
IV. Define the following terms and give examples.
(20 ?)??4??????????
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V. Complete the following statements with proper w
ords or expressions. (15?)???
VI. Answer the following questions. Your answer
should be clear and short. (35?)???
Translate the following idioms into Chinese make
a conversation by using these idioms.
???
3
What is the longest word?
Because there is a mile between the first and
the last letter.
Smiles
Antidisestablishmentarianism
anti-
dis-
establish
-ment
arian
-ism
??????????
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Hard work
811842315181198
Luck
122131147
Love
121522554
Attitude
120209202145100
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Word
Definition
Aristotle word is the smallest significant unit
of speech.
Bloomfield a word is a free form, that is to
say, the smallest form that may appear in
isolation.
Each word has two aspects The external aspect,
sound. The internal aspect, meaning.
The term word refers to the fundamental unit of a
given language, with sound and meaning, capable
of performing a given syntactic function.
5
A bound form is the one which cannot occur on
its own as a separate word.
A free form is one which occur as a separate
word.
Concept
Word
Object (referent)
Word refers to the referent through a concept
6
By level of usage, words may be classified into
five categories
Standard words words frequently used in everyday
writing and speaking.
Literary words words chiefly used in formal
writing and speaking.
Colloquial words they are mainly used in spoken
English, as in conversation among friends and
colleagues. This kind of words can also be found
in informal writing.
Slang words they cover those daring and new
expressions that have not been accepted by the
majority of people as standard English.
Technical words words used in various special
fields, such as every branch of science.
7
Concrete words are those which are concerned with
objects, things, etc.
According to motivation, words can be divided
into motivated and non-motivated.
The motivated word (opaque) how they are formed
cant be explained .
The formation of minority words can be explained,
they are also called transparent words .
According to polysemy and monosemy.
A polesemic word has a range of different
meanings while monosemic word consists of a
single meaning.
According to the origin. Native words and loan
words.
8
The tongue is boneless but it breaks bones.
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After meat, mustard after death, doctor .
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After praising the wine they sell us vinegar.
??????
????
As poor as a church mouse.
Every potter praises his own pot.
????,????
Two heads are better than one.
?????,??????
??????????
Lifeless, faultless.
?????,?????
All lay load on the willing horse.
While there is life, there is hope.
?????,??????
Misfortunes never come alone.
?????
9
Word Formation
A word is a minimum free form.
book, -s
work
worker
work
-er
books
The minimal grammatical units are called
morpheme.
The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe
and French eme, the former means form, while the
latter means the smallest unit.
Definition the smallest functioning unit in the
composition of words.
Word is composed of morpheme/ morphemes.
Task analyze the composition of the following
words
- house
- guns
- unacceptable
- lighthouse
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Classification of Morphemes
Free form (Content morpheme)
Bound form (grammatical morpheme )
Free form can stand alone as a word.
Desk, hand, face
Bound morpheme must appear with at least one
other morpheme.
Unfaithful
Un-
faith
-ful
contain
has more than one bound form, con-, -tain
Con-
continue, conceive, consider,
-tain
obtain, maintain
They have more than one free morpheme, and are
called compound words
homework, airsick
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Words can be classified into three types
according to morphology.
is one which contains only one free form, such as
man, water.
Simple word
is one which consists of more than one free
form. Blackboard.
Compound word
Complex word
is one which has one free form and one or more
than one bound form, such as frankness.
Antidisestablishmentarianism
Anti-,dis-,establish, -ment, arian,-ism
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Three main processes of English word-formation
Affixation
conversion
composition
Affixation is a method a word-formation by which
new words are created by adding affixes to roots.
Affixes
Inflectional affixes
Derivational affixes
Inflectional affixes do not form a new word with
new lexical meaning and do not change the part of
speech of the word to which they are affixed.
e.g. -s in chairs, pens
(1) plurality
-es in boxes, tomatoes
-en in oxen.
13
Derivational affixes can be further divided into
prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g.
unjust, rewrite.
As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of
roots, but not their parts of speech.
- en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich
- be- as in words like befriend, belittle
- a- as in words like asleep, aside
e.g. darkness, liberation
Suffixes are affixes after the root
By the addition of the suffix, the word is
usually changed from one part of speech into
another
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morphemes.
Word is composed of
Morphemes
Free morpheme
bound morpheme
appear with at least one other morphemes
stand alone as a word
15
Three types of words
Compound word
Complex word
simple word
one free form and more than one bound form.
contains only one free form
more than one free form
Affixes
inflectional affixes
derivational affixes.
dont change meaning and the part of speech of
the old word
prefix
suffix
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Suffixation
The main function of prefix is to change the
meaning of the base, however, the addition of the
suffix not only modifies the meaning of a word
(minor role), but also change the part of speech
(major role).
Noun suffixes
Adjective suffixes
suffixes
Adverb suffixes
Verb suffixes
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Word Formation
Compounding
Conversion
Affixes
Prefix
Suffix
Assigning the base to a different word class with
no change of form.
Conversion
He desired to be a scientist.
He had a desire to be a scientist.
zero derivation
desire (verb)0desire (noun)
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Composition/compounding
A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more
than one base and functioning both grammatically
and semantically as a single word.
Compounds are written in three ways
Solid
(e.g. bedtime)
(e.g. above-mentioned)
Hyphenated
Open
(e.g. reading material)
Noun compounds, adjective compounds and verb
compounds
19
Shortening
1. Clipped word
Shortening a word without changing its meaning
2. Acronym
a word formed from the initial letter of a word
that make up the meaning
20
Clipped word

• Front clipping

The shortening may occur at the beginning of the
word
Phone---
plane---
bus---
telephone
airplane
omnibus
2. Back clipping
The shortening may occur at the end of the word.
photo---
photography
advertisement
Ad---
mike---
microphone
lit---
literature
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3. Front and back clippings
The shortening may occur at both ends of the
word.
Flu----
influenza
tec----
detective
refrigerator
script----
prescription
fridge----
4. Middle clippings
The shortening may occur at the middle of the
word.
Maths---
mathematics
specs----
spectacles
5. Phrase clippings
Phrases have been made into one word.
Pub---
public house
pop-singer---
popular song singer
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Three-D---
Three dimensional film
EQ---
Emotion Quotient
IQ---
Intelligence Quotient
Adversity Quotient
AQ---
6. Journalist clippings
Department
Cwlth----
Commonwealth
Dept.----
Yokohama
Yhama---
Acronym
A. Initialism
The words are pronounced as sequence of letters.
UN----
the United Nations
VIP----
very important person
ID----
identification card
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B. Acronym
The words are pronounced as a word.
TOEFL---
Test of English as a Foreign Language
NATO----
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
AIDS---
Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Characteristics of Acronyms
1. In everyday speech we often use acronyms that
are common in current English to replace long and
difficult terms.
World Health Organization (WHO)
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2. The tendency today is to omit periods after
initialisms.
GMT/ G.M.T (Greenwich Mean Time)
3. When acronyms become very common, they are
usually spelled in small letters
radar radio detecting and ranging
If they are proper names, they retain the initial
capital
NATO
4. Some acronyms have come to share the grammar
of standard words
UFO (unidentified Flying Object)
ufology, ufological
UFOs
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5. Some initialisms are used as euphemisms.
W.C.
water closet
DOA
dead on arrival
Blending
A blend is a compound word made by blending one
word with another word.
Blending is formed from two words, one of which
is not in its full form or both of which are not
in their full forms.
It combines the sounds and the meaning of two
others.
26
1. The front part of the first word the back
part of the second word
Brunch----
breakfast lunch
Smoke fog
motor hotel
smog---
motel---
Chinglish---
Chinese English
Japlish---
Japanese English
2. The first word the back part of the second
word
Spaceplane---
space plane
travelogue---
travel catalogue
3. The front part of the first word the second
word
medical care
Medicaid---
medical aid
Medicare---
Euroasia---
European Asia
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4. The front part of the first word and the
second word
Amerind---
American Indian
Interpol---
international police
sci-fi
Slang, scientific terms, journalistic terms
Backformation
Abnormal type of word formation.
Affixation and backformation are two contrary
processes of word-formation. The former is a
method of forming new words by means of affixes
while the latter by cutting imagined affixes.
A shorter word is formed by the deletion of a
supposed affix from a longer form already
present.
28
1) Verbs back formed from nouns ending in -er,
-or, -ar
beg
editor---
edit
beggar---
Liar---
lie
2) Verbs back formed from nouns ending in -tion,
-sion
Automation--
automate
negation--
negate
donation--
donate
3) Verbs back formed from abstract nouns
diagnose
enthuse
Diagnosis---
enthusiasm---
4) Verbs back formed from adjectives
gloom
Drowsy---
gloomy---
drowse
lazy---
to laze
5) Verbs back formed from compound words
baby-sit
Baby sitter---
lip-reading---
lipread
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?feminine(?????)????ess
author
Authoress ???
heir
heiress ?????
host
hostess ???
lion
lioness ??
??????ess??????,??????????
actor
actress(??actoress)???
hunter
huntress(??hunteress) ???
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tiger
tigress ??
negro
negress ???
master
mistress ???
prince
princess ??
murderer
murderess ???
masculine(??)? feminine ????
bachelor ???
maid ??
boy??
girl ??
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bull??
cow ??
cock??
hen ??
dog?
bitch ??
gentleman??
lady??
horse?
mare ??
king??
queen ??
monk ??
nun ??
nephew ??
niece ??
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????????????
man-servant
maid-servant ??
cock-sparrow
hen-sparrow ???
bull-calf
cow-calf ???
he-goat
she-goat ???
tom cat
she-cat
turkey-cock
turkey-hen ???
peacock
peahen ???
milk-man
milk-maid ???
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like simile, it also makes a comparison between
two unlike elements, but unlike simile, this
comparison is implied rather than stated.
Metaphor
The world is like a stage.
The world is a stage.
objects ----human organs.
The eye of hurricane
the teeth of a comb
the mouth of a river
the lip of a cup
the tongue of a shoe
the leg of a table
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Metonymy
It involves substitution of the name of one thing
for that of another closely associated with it.
Her heart rules her head.
Heart---feeling, head---mind.
He is nice, but he hasnt got much brain.
The kettle is boiling.
(water in the kettle)
He drank a cup.
(a cup of tea or coffee)
His favorite dish is fried steak.
(Food brought to table on or in a dish)
Brevity is the chief virtue of metonymy. It is
frequently used in journalistic essays.
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Synecdoche
A figure of speech that involves that
substitution of the part for the whole or the
whole for the part.
The part for the whole
We are no longer short of hands.
The teacher gave the students two pencils per
head.
He manages to earn bread.
The whole for the part
Australia beat Canada in cricket.
The doctor cut him open.
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Componential Analysis
CA
Breaking down the sense of a word into its
minimal Components.
Bachelor
Human
Adult
Male
Concrete
Unmarried
Man
Male, Adult, Human
Woman
-Male, Adult, Human
Boy
Male, -Adult, Human
Male, Adult, -Human
Bull
Cow
-Male, Adult, -Human
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Spinster
Common
Concrete
Human
Adult
Male
Married
Count
psychiatrist
Common, Concrete, Human, Human
Chicago
-Common. Concrete, -Animate, Count
Wisdom
Common, -Concrete, -Count
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Main Types of Word Meaning
Grammatical meaning
the tense meaning
-ed, -es, worked, studies
the case meaning
boys, words
the plural meaning
girls, children
Lexical meaning
the meaning of a word in dictionary.
Go, goes, went, gone, going, possess different
grammatical meanings of tenses, persons. The
lexical meaning is the same.
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Contextual meaning
the meaning of the word is defined by the
context.
Example
Some of this country are much warmer than others.
(a nation or a state)
After many years abroad he wanted to return to
his country.
(the nation of ones birth)
The country is opposed to war.
(the people of a nation)
Were hoping to go for a day in the country if
the weathers fine tomorrow.
(the land outside cities)
This is unknown country to me.
(a branch of learning)
40
Denotative meaning
(dictionary meaning)
????????, ????
Connotative meaning
intentional meaning which a word suggests or
implies.
?
Stylistic meaning
that which a piece of language conveys about the
social circumstances of its use.
Common words, formal words and informal words
41
the language that is not accepted in serious
speech or writing.
b). Slang
There are lots of slang for money.
Bread
dough
chickenfeed
peanuts
buck
c). Vulgarism
words not usually used by educated persons.
Bloody
It is a bloody shame.
d). Jargon
a kind of language that is hard to understand
because it is full of special words known only to
the people of certain group.
42
Changes in Meaning
Generalization
Elevation
Specialization
Degradation
43
Generalization
the enlarging, widening, extension, expansion of
meaning.
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????,????
??????
??????
?????????,?????
??????
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44
Specialization
The process shrinking or narrowing of meaning
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(1)???????.
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