Week 6

1
Ancient Greece, Greek Mythology , the Homeric
Hymns,and Theogony

• Week 6

2
THE CITY-STATES OF GREECE

• The geography of Greece a land of mountain
  barriers and scattered islands encouraged this
  fragmentation.

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Polis? common Hellenic heritage

• The Greek cities never lost sight of their common
  Hellenic heritage, but it was not enough to unite
  them except in the face of unmistakable and
  overwhelming danger, and even then only partially
  and for a short time.
• They differed from each other in custom,
  political constitution, and even dialect their
  relations with each other were those of rivals
  and fierce competitors.

5
Phoenician system of writing

• It was in the cities founded on the Asian coast
  that the Greeks adapted to their own language the
  Phoenician system of writing, adding signs for
  the vowels to create their alphabet, the
  forerunner of the Roman alphabet and of our own.

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Ionian and Doric

• By 800 BCE Greece had become linguistically
  divided into groups, whose culture as well as
  dialect were distinctive.
• Foremost among these groups were Ionian, spoken
  in Athens, the islands and Ionia, and Doric,
  spoken in Sparta, Crete and Rhodes.

9
The expansion of Greece750-580 BCE

• Starting with colonies at Ischia and Cumae around
  the Bay of Naples in c. 750 BCE, the Greeks
  founded cities all around the Mediterranean, from
  the south of France to Naucratis in Egyptian
  Delta, to solve problems of over-population at
  home.

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ATHENS AND SPARTA

• By the beginning of the fifth century B.C. the
  two most prominent city-states were Athens and
  Sparta.
• These two cities led the combined Greek
  resistance to the Persian invasion of Europe in
  the years 490 to 479 B.C.
• The defeat of the solid Persian power by the
  divided and insignificant Greek cities surprised
  the world and inspired in Greece, and
  particularly in Athens, a confidence that knew no
  bounds.

12
Athens

• Athens was at this time a democracy, the first in
  Western history.
• It was a direct, not a representative, democracy,
  for the number of free citizens was small enough
  to permit the exercise of power by a meeting of
  the citizens as a body in assembly.

13
Athena

• Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and
  democracy in the conscience of the civilized
  world.
• The capital of Greece took its name from the
  goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and
  knowledge.

14
Athens (the fifth century BCE)(map)

• http//wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/athens-the-
  fifth-century-bce/

15
Sparta

• Sparta, on the other hand, was rigidly
  conservative in government and policy.
• Because the individual citizen was reared and
  trained by the state for the states business,
  war, the Spartan land army was superior to any
  other in Greece, and the Spartans controlled, by
  direct rule or by alliance, a majority of the
  city-states of the Peloponnese.

16
Persian War and Peloponnesian War

• These two cities, allies for the war of
  liberation against Persia, became enemies when
  the external danger was eliminated.
• The middle years of the fifth century were
  disturbed by indecisive hostilities between them
  and haunted by the probability of full-scale war
  to come.
• As the years went by, this war came to be
  accepted as inevitable by both sides, and in
  431 B.C, it began. It was to end in 404 B.C, with
  the total defeat of Athens.

17
The Athenian Empire

• Before the beginning of this disastrous war,
  known as the Peloponnesian War, Athenian
  democracy provided its citizens with a cultural
  and political environment that was without
  precedent in the ancient world.
• The institutions of Athens encouraged the maximum
  development of the individuals capacities and at
  the same time inspired the maximum devotion to
  the interests of the community.

18
Solon The Lawmaker of Athens

• an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and elegiac
  poet.
• He is remembered particularly for his efforts to
  legislate against political, economic and moral
  decline in archaic Athens.
• His reforms failed in the short term yet he is
  often credited with having laid the foundations
  for Athenian democracy.

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Solon
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Pericles

• There were limits on who could participate in the
  democracy.
• The individual Athenian of whom Pericles spoke
  was the adult male citizen. In his speech, he
  mentioned women only once, to tell them that the
  way for them to obtain glory was not to be worse
  than their nature made them, and to be least
  talked of among males for human progress from
  savagery to civilization.

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Pericles
22
Ancient Greek Medicine

• Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greek.
  
• Ancient Greek Culture was such that a high
  priority was placed upon healthy lifestyles, this
  despite Ancient Greece being much different to
  the Greece of the modern World.

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The Cult of Asclepios

• Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like Egypt,
  was based largely upon religious beliefs.
• The Cult of Asclepios grew in popularity and was
  a major provider of medical care. This cult
  developed old theories and introduced several
  treatments not too dissimilar from modern
  alternative medicines. 

24
Hippocrates

• The Ancient Greeks though made major strides in
  medical knowledge.
• The works of Hippocrates and his followers led
  to several scientific facts being recorded for
  the first time and perhaps more significantly
  the work of these philosophers began a tradition
  of studying the cause of disease rather than
  looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a
  cure. 

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Observation and logic

• So the Greeks were very interested in using
  scientific observation and logic to figure out
  what caused diseases and what you could do about
  them.
• In the 300's BC and afterward, in the Hellenistic
  period, Greek doctors worked out a logical system
  for understanding disease. Their writings about
  this have been collected in the Hippocratic
  Writings, named after the first and most famous
  of these doctors, Hippocrates

26
Four Humors

• The legacy of the Ancient Greek world on medical
  practice has been great.
• Hippocrates theory of the Four Humors was, for a
  long time, the basis upon which to develop
  medical reasoning. Likewise the methodology
  employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent,
  been retained and modified to form what we now
  consider to be conventional medicine.

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Hippocrates Refusing Gift from Alexander
29

• 1792. Oil on canvas. Paris, Faculté de Médecine,
  Museé dHistoire de la Médecine

30
Hippocrates

• was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of
  Pericles, and was considered one of the most
  outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
• He is referred to as the father of medicine in
  recognition of his lasting contributions to the
  field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of
  medicine.
• This intellectual school revolutionized medicine
  in ancient Greece, establishing it as a
  discipline distinct from other fields that it had
  traditionally been associated with , thus making
  medicine a profession.

31
Hippocratic Corpus

• However, the achievements of the writers of the
  Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic
  medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself
  are often commingled
• thus very little is known about what Hippocrates
  actually thought, wrote, and did.
• In particular, he is credited with greatly
  advancing the systematic study of clinical
  medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of
  previous schools, and prescribing practices for
  physicians through the Hippocratic Oath and other
  works.

32
Ode on a Grecian Urn? Greek Mythology
33
Greek mythology is . . .

• the body of myths and legends belonging to the
  ancient Greeks concerning their Gods and heroes,
  the nature of the world, and the origins and
  significance of their own cult and ritual
  practices.
• a part of religion in ancient Greece.

34
Modern scholars refer to the myths and study them
in an attempt to throw light on the religious and
political institutions of Ancient Greece, on the
Ancient Greek civilization, and to gain
understanding of the nature of myth-making
itself.
35
The Olympian gods natural forces

• The Olympian gods, like the natural forces of sea
  and sky, follow their own will even to the
  extreme of conflict with each other, and always
  with a sublime disregard for the human beings who
  may be affected by the results of their actions.
• It is true that they are all subjects of a single
  more powerful god, Zeus.

36
Gods the blind forces of the universe

• Such gods as these, representing as they do the
  blind forces of the universe that humans cannot
  control, are not always thought of as connected
  with morality.
• Morality is a human creation, and though the gods
  may approve of it, they are not bound by it.

37
Subject matters

• Greek mythology is embodied explicitly in a large
  collection of narratives and implicitly in
  representational arts, such as vase-paintings and
  votive gifts.
• Greek myth explains the origins of the world and
  details the lives and adventures of a wide
  variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines
  and other mythological creatures.
• These accounts initially were disseminated in an
  oral-poetic tradition today the Greek myths are
  known primarily from Greek literature.

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The temple of Hera
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sources

• the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on events
  surrounding the Trojan War.
• Hesiod the Theogony and the Works and Days,
  contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the
  succession of divine rulers, the succession of
  human ages, the origin of human woes, and the
  origin of sacrificial practices.
• Myths also are preserved in the Homeric Hymns

41
Music of Ancient Greece - Hymn to the Muse - by
Halaris

• http//wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/10/20/music-of-an
  cient-greece-hymn-to-the-muse-by-halaris/
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1v3fJSn-oPofeature
  related

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Greek pantheon

• According to Classical-era mythology, after the
  overthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods
  and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal
  Greek gods were the Olympians, residing atop
  Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus.

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Olympian Gods

• Zeus, Poseidon, Hades,
• Hestia, Hera, Aris, Athena, Apollo,
• Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, Hephaestus
• ???????
• http//memo.cgu.edu.tw/yu-yen/2008-greek-mythology
  1.pdf

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Olympian Gods of Ancient Greek Mythology

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWP_NeirFIkM

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Greek god (Roman equivalent)  

• Zeus (Jupiter)/ Hera (Juno) /
• Demeter (Ceres) / Artemis (Diana)/
• Aphrodite (Venus)/  Eros (Cupid)/
• Hermes (Mercury) / Hephaistos (Vulcan) /
• Poseidon (Neptune) / Apollo (Apollo) /
• Ares (Mars) / Athena (Minerva) /
• Hestia (Vesta) / Dionysus (Bacchus)/
• Pan (Faunus)/ Heracles (Hercules) /
• Asclepius (Aesculapius) /
• Hades (Dis Pater) / Persephone (Proserpine)

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Temple of Zeus (600 BCE), the largest Greek
pantheon outside of Athens
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Delphi, Temple of Apollo
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?????(Prometheus)

• ?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
  ????????????????????? "?????(Prometheus)"??????
  "??(foresight)"????
• ????????????????????,???????????

53
The sculptor of this Roman sarcophagus has
portrayed Prometheus as a workman creating
mini-humans.
54
Prometheus and the eagle

• ??Zeus??????,??????????,????????????,???????
• ??????????????,???????????,???????????,???????????
  ????????????????????????,????????????????,?????,??
  ????????????????,?????????
• ???????????,??????????????,???????????????????????
  ??????

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PROMETHEUS THE EAGLE
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Heroes

• Perseus, Theseus, Bellerophon
• Atlanta, Heracles, Meleager

58
Hercules and Achilles
59
Heracles and the Heracleidae

• Some scholars believe that behind Heracles'
  complicated mythology there was probably a real
  man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of
  Argos.
• Some scholars suggest the story of Heracles is an
  allegory for the sun's yearly passage through the
  twelve constellations of the zodiac.
• Others point to earlier myths from other
  cultures, showing the story of Heracles as a
  local adaptation of hero myths already well
  established. Traditionally, Heracles was the son
  of Zeus and Alcmene granddaughter of Perseus.

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Heracles

• He is portrayed as a sacrificier, mentioned as a
  founder of altars, and imagined as a voracious
  eater himself it is in this role that he appears
  in comedy, while his tragic end provided much
  material for tragedy Heracles is regarded by
  Thalia Papadopoulou as "a play of great
  significance in examination of other Euripidean
  dramas".
• In art and literature Heracles was represented as
  an enormously strong man of moderate height his
  characteristic weapon was the bow but frequently
  also the club. Vase paintings demonstrate the
  unparalleled popularity of Heracles, his fight
  with the lion being depicted many hundreds of
  times.

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???????????

• ????????????(Hercules)?
• ?????(Thebes)???? ???????,???????????????,????????
  ??,????,???????????
• ????????,???????????????????,????????????,????????
  ??????????,
• ?????????,??????????????????,??????????????
  ???(Megara)??,

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?????

• ????????????(Mycenae)?? ?????Eurystheus)??????????
  ?????????????????,???????????,??????????,???????
• ????????????????,???? ???(Nessus),????????????????
  ????? ????(Deianira),????????

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???????????????????????

• ???,???????????????,???????????????,??????????????
  ????????,??????????????????,?????????,????????????
  ?? ?????,??????????,???????
• ??????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????
  ????,????????????????????????????????????????????

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Housof Troy and Helen
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Age of gods and mortals

• Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the
  age when divine interference in human affairs was
  limited was a transitional age in which gods and
  mortals moved together.
• These were the early days of the world when the
  groups mingled more freely than they did later.
• Most of these tales were later told by Ovid's
  Metamorphoses and they are often divided into two
  thematic groups tales of love, and tales of
  punishment.

68
Homeric Hymns

• The thirty-three anonymous Homeric Hymns
  celebrating individual gods are a collection of
  ancient Greek hymns, "Homeric" in the sense that
  they employ the same epic meter dactylic
  hexameter as the Iliad and Odyssey, use many
  similar formulas and are couched in the same
  dialect.

69

• They were uncritically attributed to Homer
  himself in Antiquityfrom the earliest written
  reference to them, Thucydides (iii.104)and the
  label has stuck. "the whole collection, as a
  collection, is Homeric in the only useful sense
  that can be put upon the word" A. W. Verrall
  noted in 1894, "that is to say, it has come down
  labeled as 'Homer' from the earliest times of
  Greek book-literature."

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HOMERIC HYMNS 16

• http//www.theoi.com/Text/HomericHymns1.html
• XVI. TO ASCLEPIUS
• 1 I begin to sing of Asclepius, son of Apollo
  and healer of sicknesses. In the Dotian plain
  fair Coronis, daughter of King Phlegyas, bare
  him, a great joy to men, a soother of cruel
  pangs. And so hail to you, lord in my song I
  make my prayer to thee!

71
Prometheus and Pandora

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vtKx7ig5PAiA

72
Greek Cosmogony

• But Homer is not our only source for Greek
  mythological thought. Hesiod, Homers rough
  contemporary, provided a mythological cosmogony
  in his Theogony

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World map of Hecataeus (c.550-c.490 BCE)
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anthropomorphic deities

• The gods and humans shared a common history.
• This was a world of anthropomorphic deities
  interfering in human affairs, using humans as
  pawns in their own plots and intriguesacting out
  of spite, anger, love, lust, benevolence,
  pleasure, or simple caprice. The gods were also
  implicated in natural phenomena.
• Sun and moon were conceived as deities, offspring
  of Theia and Huperion.

75
a capricious world

• Storms, lightning bolts, winds, and earthquakes
  were not regarded as inevitable outcomes of
  impersonal, natural forces, but mighty feats
  willed by the gods.
• The result was a capricious world, in which
  nothing could be safely predicted because of the
  boundless possibilities of divine intervention.

76
Homer and Hesiod

• Homer and Hesiod, after all, are among the few
  sources at our disposal that reveal anything of
  archaic Greek thought
• and if they do not represent primitive Greek
  philosophy, they were nonetheless central to
  Greek education and culture for centuries and
  cannot have been without influence on the Greek
  mind.

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Nous--

• Early in the sixth century, Greek culture
  experienced a burst of a radically new kind of
  discoursespeculation unprecedented in its
  rationality (nous in Greek), its concern for
  evidence, and its acknowledgment that claims were
  open to dispute and needed to be defended.

78
Knowledge

• Speculations ranged over a broad subject matter,
  including the cosmos and its origins, the earth
  and its inhabitants, celestial bodies, striking
  phenomena such as earthquakes, thunder, and
  lightning, disease and death, and the nature of
  human knowledge.
• This burst of intellectual activity were
  distributed geographically over an area that
  extended well beyond the boundaries of the modern
  Greek state.

79
Mythology ? philosophy

• Whereas Hesiod regarded earth and sky as divine
  offspring, for the philosophers Leucippus (fl.
  435) and Democritus (fl. 410) the world and its
  various parts result form mechanical sorting of
  lifeless atoms in a primeval vortex or whirlpool.
• To be sure, these philosophical developments did
  not signal the end of Greek mythology.

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Herodotus

• As late as the fifth century, the historian
  Herodotus retained much of the old mythology,
  sprinkling tales of divine intervention through
  his Histories.
• Poseidon, by his account, used a high tide to
  flood a swamp the Persians were crossing.
• And Herodotus regarded and eclipse that
  coincided with the departure of the Persian arm
  for Greece as a supernatural omen.

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kosmos

• The world of the philosophers, in short, was an
  orderly, predictable world in which things behave
  according to their natures.
• The Greek term used to denote this ordered world
  was Kosmos, form which we draw our word
  cosmology.
• The capricious world of divine intervention was
  being pushed aside, making room for order and
  regularity chaos was yielding to Kosmos.

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Earth is the centre of the universe.
83
Nature/ physis

• A clear distinction between the natural and the
  supernatural was emerging and there was wide
  agreement that causes (if they are to be dealt
  with philosophically) must be sought only in the
  natures of thing.
• The philosophers who introduced these new ways of
  thinking were called by Aristotle physikoi or
  physiologoi, from their concern with physis or
  nature.

84
Hesiods Theogony

• a poem by Hesiod describing the origins and
  genealogies of the gods of the ancient Greeks,
  composed circa 700 BC.
• a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of
  local Greek traditions concerning the gods,
  organized as a narrative that tells about the
  origin of the cosmos and about the gods that
  shaped cosmos.

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Chaos? Eros and Gaia

• that Chaos arose spontaneously.
• Chaos gives birth to Eros and Gaia (Earth), the
  more orderly and safe foundation that would serve
  as a home for the gods and mortals, came
  afterwards.
• Tartarus (both a place below the earth as well as
  a deity) and Eros (Desire) also came into
  existence from nothing.

87
Chaos? Darkness and Night

• Eros serves an important role in sexual
  reproduction, before which children had to be
  produced by means of parthenogenesis.
• From Chaos came Erebos (Darkness) and Nyx
  (Night).
• Erebos and Nyx reproduced to make Aither
  (Brightness) and Hemera (Day).
• From Gaia came Ouranos (Sky), the Ourea
  (Mountains), and Pontus (Sea).

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twelve Titans

• Ouranos mated with Gaia to create twelve Titans
• Oceanos, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetos, Theia,
  Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and
  Kronos

89
Pandoras Box

• Pandora ("giver of all, all-endowed") was the
  first woman.
• As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her
  by giving her unique gifts.
• ????????????????????????,???????????????????????

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??Pithos

• ???????????????????????????????????(?????????????)
  ,????????????????(Anesidora),????????????????,????
  ???????
• (????,?????p????,p????,??)?

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??????????
92
Pandoras Box

• ???????Pandoras Box?,?????????????????,??????????
  ???????????????????????,?????????

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??????????

• ??????????,????????,????????????,????????,????????
  ?????????????
• ????7??,Hesiod???Theogony(?570?,?????????????????)
  ??????(Works and Days)????????????????

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"Pandora" by John William Waterhouse, 1896.
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Dante Gabriel Rossetti Pandora (1869)
97
Theogony

• Study Guide for Hesiod's Theogony
• http//www.temple.edu/classics/Theogony-guide.html
  
• ????? ??
• ???? ?????? 871.31 8775 88

98
Timeline of World Mythology

• http//wl2009.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/timeline-of
  -world-mythology/