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Title: AP European history Test II


1
AP European history Test II
  • Economic Renewal, The Wars of Religion, The
    Triumph Over Parliament, and Absolutism in France

2
Navigation, etc.
  • A bunch of people sailing around places and
    stabbing other people, giving them diseases, and
    returning with buckets of money and a bunch of
    glory.

3
The Opening of the Atlantic
  • Around 1500, the Atlantic becomes a bridge, a
    starting place.
  • Improvements in shipbuilding, sail rigging, new
    compasses, and new maps with grids!
  • The results are favorable for the Europeans and
    not so favorable for the various Native Americans
    who subsequently contracted small pox and died.
    Think Pocahontasnot the Disney version.
  • Despite the fact that many indigenous peoples
    suffered horribly at the hands of European
    expansion, there were undeniable advancements for
    European culture. Europe encountered other
    religions and cultures, built up a decisive naval
    power, a new coastal commercial class sprung
    forth, and the American potato fortified the
    working class! Irish anyone? There was also a new
    race consciousness.

4
Discovery and Destruction
  • For a very long time, Europe had looked to Asia
    for its luxury goods silks, spices, etc. Europe
    had never really taken action and been the
    go-getters.
  • HOWEVER, in 1498, Portuguese Vasco da Gama, after
    sailing around the tip of Africa, landed on the
    southwest coast of India (MALABAR COAST). The
    Portuguese wanted in on the trade and in on the
    money. In 1502, Vasco da Gama returned with an
    army, who decimated the Arab merchants, Indians,
    and their cities.
  • In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue for
    reasons you should remember from History 100. He
    killed people too, which makes you question
    Columbus Day.
  • Cortes killed Aztecs and conquered Mexico,
    Pizarro killed Incas and ruined an Empire.
    Magellan sails in 1520. You have to consider that
    while they brought glory and gold to their
    homelands, they completely destroyed someone
    elses.
  • Massive forced migrations of slaves from Africa,
    spurred by Portuguese Africa footholds. Imposed
    their way of life, religion, culture on others.

That gold was cursed for a reason.
5
SPAIN!
  • Spain conquered its way around South America,
    Mexico, and the Carribean. They kind of tried to
    moderate the exploitation of Native Americans and
    indigenous peoples, kind of.
  • So basically, in 1545, the Spanish struck gold
    (and by gold, I mean silver) when they discovered
    the silver deposits at Potosi in Peru.
  • 1565, established a trade route between their
    Mexican colonies and the Philippines. This equals
    a lot of money for Spain, because there were
    spices and silks and porcelain and all sorts of
    expensive things coming through on Spanish ships.
    Also, shipped European goods (all they wanted was
    silver) over to Asia.

6
WWDQD What would Dr. Q do?
  • Well, Dr. Q would probably ask you a question
    about the definition of the word discovery.
  • Lets quote page 101, shall we?
  • Discovery means the bringing of newly found
    countries within the habitual knowledge or
    permanent commercial activity of the society from
    which the discoverer comes.
  • So while America was already there, Columbus
    discovered it, because Spain (he was from
    Portugal, sailing for Spain because of that darn
    da Gama) didnt know about it yet.

7
In Summary
  • Europe profited from finally getting their act
    together in ship technology and crossing the
    Atlantic. They gained a new source of income, a
    new work force (slavery), a new commercial class
    evolved, and they could feed the workforce with
    the Great American Potato.
  • HOWEVER, they completely annihilated other
    culturesthe Aztecs, the Incas, the Native
    Americansand instead forced their ways of life
    on them. They enslaved them and stripped their
    land for economic profit.
  • In an age of oceanic communications Europe
    became a center from which America, Africa, and
    Asia could all be reached. So Europe is
    practically the center of the universe.
  • Dates Roughly 1498, the whole thing starts with
    da Gama. People continue to sail around (like
    Magellan in 1520), discovering things. By the
    1560s, you have more slaves in America than
    colonists. 1545, Potosi. 1565, Spanish trade
    route to the Philippines.

8
The commercial revolution
  • People eat potatoes and multiply like bunnies,
    inflation takes over, entrepreneurs get busy with
    banking, new industries make certain people very
    rich, and mercantilism takes hold!

9
Population boom
  • During the 16th century, the European population
    rose by about 20 million people. The rise in
    population was most visible in rural regions.
  • Because of the rise in population, there was an
    increasing demand for food. This led to more
    cultivated land and farmers working more land
    that was less fertile. Thus, farming cost more
    and the price of the product went through the
    roof.

10
Rising Prices
  • Prices rose for the following reasons
  • Farming and agriculture was more expensive, and
    thus the prices of agricultural products rose.
  • Kings debased the value of the currencies in an
    effort to get more money circulating.
  • New sources of income from new lands, such as the
    silver coming from Peru and the gold coming from
    America, also contributed to the decrease in the
    value of currency.
  • Note all prices rose, but the value of wages
    rose the least.

11
Entrepreneurs
  • The widening of the trade market meant that there
    was an increase in long-distance trading. This is
    where new entrepreneurs came in! They started as
    merchants working far and wide, who had a good
    knowledge of what people wanted, and generally
    rose to be bankers.
  • Fuggers! 1386, started out in woolens and
    gradually expanded their wares. They invested
    their profits in other industries, made more
    money, lent money to prominent people (Holy Roman
    Emperors and Popes!), and became bankers to the
    Habsburgs.
  • Also, think Medici.

Christopher Fugger
12
New Industries and practices
  • Mining!
  • Printing and book trade!
  • Shipbuilding!
  • Weapons manufacturing!
  • These couldnt be done on a local level, so it
    brought lots of work to cities!
  • New banking practices included interest!

13
Mercantilism
  • According to Microsofts Encarta Encyclopedia,
    mercantilism was
  • An early modern European economic theory and
    system that actively supported the establishment
    of colonies that would supply materials and
    markets and relieve home nations of dependence on
    other nations.
  • True that. It also involved an opposition to
    guilds (which were like unions), because they
    were localistic.
  • Mercantilists believed that the government must
    steer and regulate prices and trade!
  • Example British imperialism profits from selling
    raw material products to the colonies from which
    and by whom these materials were extracted.

14
In Summary
  • In the great economic readjustment that was
    taking place in Europe two other factors were
    the growth of population and a long, gradual rise
    in prices, or a slow inflation.
  • Blah, blah, blah. Economics. Basically, all you
    need to care about is mercantilismthe support of
    colonies overseas that were rich in resources, so
    countries wouldnt have to spend money buying
    things from other people. It was a good idea. We
    should try it sometime.

15
Changing social structures
  • Middle class expands!
  • Does anyone really care?
  • No.

16
BLAH.
  • This entire section is out of this world boring
    and pointless.
  • The middle class became more numerous in the
    sixteenth century.
  • The mass of the population in all countries was
    composed of the working poor, which would be
    people who couldnt read or write, laborers, the
    unemployed, maids, etc.
  • The poorgained the least from the great
    commercial developments The poor stayed
    screwed.
  • Education became more important, demand for more
    educated clergy (from the reforms at the Council
    of Trent, remember that?).

17
Wars! Spain Style.
  • King Philip II, The Escorial, ass-kicking in
    Amsterdam, nosy England, Spanish decline

18
Philip the second
  • Phillip II thought he was pretty amazing, because
    he had power over Portugal, Spain, had England
    for five years, and had a claim on the French
    throne.
  • Thought Spain should be the Catholic Crusaders of
    Europe. Wanted to enhance power in Italy, and
    other things like that, relying on money coming
    in from new territories. Spain was in a Golden
    Age at the timewith Don Quixote, etc.
  • Built himself a new castle, The Escorial, but was
    also a center for the efficient management of a
    vast empire.
  • It was a good time for a religious war, since
    people didnt have a grand sense of unity just
    because they lived in the same country. It was a
    time of divisionbetween Calvinists and
    Catholics, etc.

19
Things Fall Apart for Spain
  • 1567, Philip sends a governor general to the
    Netherlands with twenty-thousand troops. There
    were several small victories over the next five
    years, but none of them lastedPhilip was beaten
    back by the Turks, the English defeated
    Catholicism, and the Huguenots and Dutch
    Calvinists were still protesting!
  • The people of the Netherlands revolt. Meanwhile,
    Elizabeth is imprisoning Catholic Mary Queen of
    Scots, and is a little busy to help out the
    Dutch. However, once she figures out that the
    Spanish want to depose herespecially that Don
    Juan fellow in 1576she allies with the Dutch.
  • Union of Utrecht in 1579 provinces of
    Netherlands are independent from Spain and a line
    is drawn.
  • Queen Elizabeth has obviously made England this
    uber-Protestant power.
  • Spanish Armada gets dragged into this nasty
    situation, read in 1588, but never makes it to
    Spain. Oops.
  • So how do things end? The Netherlands are
    dividedProtestant North, Catholic South. Spain
    begins to decline after all this money-wasting
    war and defeat. Spain is lacking unity,
    everything has basically fallen apart from
    religious suspicion.

20
The Disintegration and Reconstruction of France
  • Disunity, Religious Wars, and Cardinal Richelieu

21
Political and Religious Disunity
  • Wars of religion in France were no more religious
    than they were politicalcontinuation of feudal
    rebellion against nobility. Caused by a conflict
    of feudal elements and royal authority.
  • New Monarchy forcing unity, king alone makes
    decisions.
  • Local influence very strong though, since no
    religious unity (Huguenots, Gallican Church
    disconnected from Rome), had own tariffs,
    individual provinces had a sense of identity, had
    corporate rights
  • Lutheranism/Protestantism spread, unsupported by
    government
  • French nobility largely protestant were
    allowed to have Protestant services in own homes
  • Francis I / Henry II opposed Calvinism, Henry II
    killed in 1559, so Catherine de Medici (widow)
    takes over for young sons. No firm hand on
    monarchy disrepair, many people trying to
    manipulate their way into power, including
    factions of Huguenots and Catholics.

22
The Civil and Religious Wars
  • The civil wars in 16th century France were caused
    by anarchy, various leaders banding together with
    rebels, etc.
  • The Guises (a Catholic party, headed by Duke of
    Guise and Cardinal of Lorraine) were trying
    through careful manipulation to govern France and
    cut down on heresy.
  • 1572, Catherine de Medici had Coligny (a
    prominent Huguenot leader) and thousands of
    Huguenots killed in St. Bartholomews Day
    Massacre. Henry of Navarre (Protestant)
    temporarily converts to save his own life.
  • Jean Bodin (1530 1596) was a politique,
    invented sovereignty, circa 1576 height of
    influence ? divine right
  • The ideas of politiques ? absolutism and the
    sovereign state, religion is 2nd and effective
    government comes first.

23
The End of Wars
  • 1589, Henry III of France and Henry of Guise were
    both assassinated! Throne passes to the Huguenot
    Henry of Navarre.
  • He did not end wars, Catholics wouldnt accept
    him, and the Spaniards opposed him as well. In
    1593, Henry legitimately converts to Catholicism,
    sensing unpopularity and political disadvantage
    of being Protestant. Had politique sensibility.
  • EDICT OF NANTES 1598 every noble can hold
    Protestant services in household, but bars
    Protestant churches from Catholic towns no
    discrimination against Protestants, mixed
    courts, etc. In response to this edict, the
    Huguenots become less rebellious.
  • French are mostly still suspicious of the Edict
    of Nantes and Henrys motives, but tolerance was
    forced. Henry, satisfied, then attempts to
    restored Frances government, economy, and
    societal peace.
  • Henry IV was murdered 1610 by madman who saw him
    as threat to the Catholic Church
  • Marie de Medici opened the Estates General (a
    council which presided over national legislature
    filled with power-hungry nobles, feudal element)
    in 1613 and dismissed in 1615 under Richelieus
    pressure and to everyones relief.

24
Cardinal Richelieu
  • Cardinal Richelieu was an ecclesiastic who gained
    power during Marie de Medici and Louis XIIIs
    time. He was a politique who was responsible for
    various mercantilist edicts.
  • There was a renewed threat of civil war, nobles
    feuding, so Richelieu outlawed dueling, etc.
  • In 1627, there was Huguenot rebellion led by Duke
    of Rohan in La Rochelle with English assistance.
    The rebellion was suppressed by 1629 with Peace
    of Alais.
  • Peace of Alais the Huguenots lost armies,
    fortified cities, territorial rights, but
    retained religious and civil rights for 50 more
    years.
  • Richelieu returned France to opposing foreign
    powers in Spain and Habsburgs, etc.
  • parlements law court consisting of landed
    nobility, a feudal element.

25
The Thirty Years War and the Disintegration of
Germany
  • 1618 1648

26
Overview of the War
  • The Preconditions
  • There as an economic slowdown in Germany, and the
    population was evenly split between Lutherans and
    Catholics and polarized by religion. The
    Calvinists were angered by the fact that the
    Peace of Augsburg did not include them.
  • The Peace of Augsburg had stated that ones
    conversion to Lutheranism meant a loss of all
    Catholic assets and properties. This was being
    violatedsome Lutherans were retaining Catholic
    propertyand was a source of extreme tension
    between Catholics and Lutherans.
  • The Catalyst
  • The defenestration of Prague, which occurred in
    May 1618, is the common name of an event in which
    enraged Bohemian citizens fearing the loss of
    their liberties threw Holy Roman Empire
    emissaries out of a window.
  • The Bohemians eventually succeeded in electing
    their own king, and the Habsburgs immediately set
    out on re-conquering Bohemia with aid from the
    Dutch, the English, and the private fighters of
    Albert of Wallenstein.
  • Who Got Involved
  • The French and the Swedes got involved in the war
    because of Richelieus little vendetta against
    the Habsburgs. Because the French were busy
    suppressing the Huguenots, they sent diplomats to
    get the Swedes out of Poland and financed them to
    fight the Habsburgs.
  • Changes in the War
  • In 1618, the war was a local and religious issue.
  • By 1648, the war was an international issue
    involving France, Spain, and many other
    countries. The war had become much more political
    than it was religious.
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