Chapter 31: The Cold War & Decolonization, 1945-75

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Chapter 31 The Cold War Decolonization, 1945-75
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• The Cold War
• Cold War Soviet Union (USSR) authoritarian
  socialism vs. US Democracy capitalism
• Iron Curtain division through Europe, came to
  symbolize tension
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) vs.
  Warsaw Pact
• United Nations (formerly League of Nations)
• Security Council veto US/USSR/China/UK/France
  (permanent members) 10
• General Assembly all the nations of the earth
• Secretary General figure head that oversees
  day-to-day running of UN
• Political Divisions UN veto power and lack of
  teeth render it useless
• Capitalism Communism
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) ensure
  stability of international monetary system
• World Bank makes loans to underdeveloped
  nations for economic development
• Marshall Plan - 20B to Europe to help rebuild
  post-WWII
• European Economic Community (1957) European
  Union (1993), no tariffs, Euro
• Soviet strong focus on heavy industry, weak on
  the production of consumer goods

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• The Cold War continued
• West Versus East in Europe and Korea
• The Cold War blockade of Berlin
• Anti-Soviet revolts in Hungary (1956), Prague
  Spring (1968) both crushed brutally
• Korean War Communist support North Korea
  invades South Korea (UN aided)
• MacArthur stopped, US feared war with China
• US defeat in Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh communist leader of Viet Minh.
  Defeats French _at_ Dienbienphu
• US supports government in the south Ngo Dinh
  Diem corrupt
• Initially only military advisors (JFK)
• Tonkin Gulf Incident LBJ ramps up US
  involvement
• Viet Cong communists guerrilla forces that
  fought against South Vietnam
• Tet Offensive (1968) North won propaganda
  campaign, lost the offensive
• Protests in the US Anti-war movement civil
  rights disruptive

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• The Cold War continued
• The Race for Nuclear Supremacy
• USSR joins the nuke club 1949, both develop
  Hydrogen bomb in 1952
• We will bury you while beating shoe against UN
  podium Khrushchev (USSR)
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)
  non-binding
• Helsinki Accords political human rights
  agreement non-binding
• Sputnik (1957)
• US on the moon (1969)

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• Decolonization State building
• New Nations in South SE Asia
• Kashmir war breaks out between India Pakistan
  (1947 1965)
• Bengali speaking East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh
  (1971)
• Independence in SE Asia
• Philippine Islands from US (1946)
• Indonesia from Dutch Sukarno dictator (1949-65)
• Singapore from British (1965)
• The Struggle for Independence in Africa
• France gives independence to Tunisia (1952)
  Morocco (1956)
• Vietnamese victory over France inspires Algerians
  Front de Liberation National (FLN)
• Algeria fights for and wins independence 1962
  flood of Algerian immigrants to France
• Independence in Africa significant white
  populations violent independence
• Kwame Nkrumah (western educated) led Ghana to
  independence
• Kenya coffee growers protests lead to violence
  (1952), independence in (1964)
• Belgium Congo Mobuto Sese Seko coup 1965-97
• Southern Rhodesia (10 year fight) becomes
  Zimbabwe
• South Africa apartheid African National
  Congress Nelson Mandela

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• Decolonization State building continued
• The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America
• The Struggle for Economic Justice in Latin
  America gulf between rich poor remains
• Guatemala the CIA United Fruit Company vs.
  Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
• Fallow ground to artificially keep banana prices
  high Arbenz wants to redistribute
• Arbenz ties to USSR, CIA removes
• Cuban Revolution
• Platt Agreement (1901) Ties US Cuba together
• US needs determined Cubas economy, profits went
  north
• Land under-utilized, Cubans under-employed
• Batista seized power (1953) caudillo
• Fidel Castro takes over (1959) redistributes
  land, nationalizes US property, USSR
• Bay of Pigs CIA attempt to unseat Castro
  miserable failure
• Che Guevara
• Castro put Che in charge of La Cabaña
  prison.  Executed 156-550 without trial
• Founded Cubas labor camps
• "Hatred as an element of struggle unbending
  hatred for the enemy, which pushes a human being
  beyond his natural limitations, making him into
  an effective, violent, selective, and
  cold-blooded killing machine. This is what our
  soldiers must become
• Captured and killed in Bolivia (1967)

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• Beyond a Bipolar world
• The 3rd World
• 1st World Nations highly industrialized
• 2nd World Nations those command economies under
  the USSR sphere of influence
• 3rd World Nations developing countries
• Non-aligned Nations 3rd world nations that
  announced their ideological neutrality
• Simply a means to extract from the two super
  powers
• Egypt plays US (Aswan Dam) off of USSR (weapons)
• Nasirs nationalizes Suez causes attack by
  UK/France/Israel
• US forces invaders to withdraw
• Japan China
• Japanese Economic Development no need to pay
  for military robust economy
• Mao Zedong beat Nationalist (1949) allies with
  USSR initially
• Great Leap Forward (1958) village level
  industry 20-30 million die
• Cultural Revolution (1966-71) Red Guards
  rekindle communism 500K executed
• 1971 US allows Communist China to assume UN
  Security Council Seat.

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• Beyond a Bipolar world continued
• The Middle East
• T.E. Lawrence influence on Middle East
  contrary to British initial plan
• 1917 Balfour Declaration announce British
  plans for establishment of Jewish State
• 1948 UN votes to establish two states - Israel
  (Jewish) Palestine (Arab)
• 1948 May 14th, Israel established and attacked
  by neighbors
• Arab neighbors do not acknowledge Israels right
  to exist
• 700K Palestinian Arabs flee, assuming Israel will
  be destroyed,.
• Israel wins, Palestinians that fled denied the
  right to return.
• 1967 6 Day War Israel preemptively attacks
  threatening neighbors
• Israel occupies Gaza, Sinai, Jerusalem, and
  Golan Heights
• 1973 Yom Kippur War Israel wins, mines Suez
  Egypt denied use
• 1975 Egypt recognizes Israels right to exist
  gets Sinai and canal back.
• Yassir Arafat Al-Fatah Palestinian Liberation
  Organization terrorists against Israel
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC) punish those that support Israel
• The emergence of environmental concerns
• Anti-war and Civil Rights Activist successes of
  60s and 70s carry over
• 1970 - Clean Air Act, Earth Day, establishment
  of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)