Elements of Network Connectivity

1
Elements of Network Connectivity

• Serial and Parallel communication
• Modems
• Modem Pools
• ISDN
• DSL
• Routing
• Cable systems
• Leased Lines
• Other interconnection systems

2
Serial vs. Parallel

• Serial
• needs one wire plus return per direction
• bits are sequenced by time slicing
• needs synchronization
• needs handshaking codes or lines
• Parallel
• all bits sent at one time
• needs 1 wire per bit
• needs handshaking lines

3
Serial Frame (Async)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stop
Word01011100 Hex5C Ascii \
Start
Time
4
Serial Frame (Synchronous)
Bit 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
Time
No start or stop bits, timing synchronized with
special ascii characters (SYN) c07dem13 and
c07dem14
5
Parallel
Bits
0
0
0
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
0
6
1
7
0
Pulse
Strobe
Time
6
Serial Communications

• Serial Data Stream (asynchronous)
• 8 bits data
• start/stop bits
• Parity bit
• baud rate
• limits
• Errors
• c07dem10

7
Serial Communications

• RS-232 standard
• Modems
• PC Serial Ports
• Speeds
• Synchronous/Asynchronous
• Advantages/Disadvantages
• PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

8
RS232 Standard
3 to 25 Volts
25 ping connector 9 pin connector Ground Transmit
Receive Clear to Send Request to Send Carrier
Detect Data Set Ready Data Terminal Ready Ring
Detect
0 volts
-3 to 25 Volts
9
Modem Operation

• Modulator/Demodulator (Digital to Analog)
• Use a standard (Hayes) command set.
• Dialup Sequence
• Training/Speed Negotiation
• Error detect and compression/decompression
• Latest and greatest (??) is V.90 (56KB)
• Carrier Detect
• Requirements for 56K
• xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
• ISDN (digital telephone lines)

10
PPP Primer

• Point to Point protocol
• Physical Layer protocol
• Authentication (PAP/CHAP)
• Addressing (dynamically assigned)
• Client Configuration

11
Modem Pools

• Requirements
• ISDN BRI lines (single connection)
• ISDN PRI (23 BRI) lines (equal a T1)
• Tariffs (QWest)
• Multiplexing BRIs to save
• Central Office Switch
• Line selection/hunting

12
PPP Installation
Modems
Ethernet
Modem Controller
52.50 per line
13
56K (ISDN) Modem Installation
Controller
T1s or ISDN PRI
Ethernet
33.50 per line
14
ISDN

• Handles Voice, Data, Video
• Each BRI (Basic Rate Interface) has 2 64 Kbps
  lines, either can be used for data or voice,
  combined gives 128 Kbps data.
• BRIs and PRIs (Primary Rate Interface)
• BRI 64 Kbps, 128 Kbps
• PRI 1544 Kbps (23 BRIs)
• Dial up standard
• Each line has a phone number

15
DSL

• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• Asymmetric (High speed downlink, slow uplink)
• Uses existing telephone cabling to the DSL modem
  router
• Modem/router typically provides ethernet
  connection to your LAN
• Uses existing telephone devices for voice (single
  twisted pair)
• Simultaneous data and voice
• Distance limitation from central office (12000
  feet)

16
DSL

• Digital Subscriber Link
• ADSL Asymmetric DSL
• xDSL
• 18000 foot radius of Central Office
• Speeds to 1,544 KB downstream
• 640 kbps upstream
• Simultaneous voice/data
• Uses existing telephone twisted pair

17
More DSL

• HDSL High Speed DSL
• 2 Mbps at 3 miles of cable
• VDSL Very High Speed DSL
• 52 MBS downstream, 1.5-2.3 MBS upstream
• 3000 foot limit
• SDSL Symmetric DSL
• 1.544 MBps up and down, 11000 foot limit

18
Even More DSL

• Pricing 45/month and up
• http//www.qwest.com/residential/products/dsl/inde
  x.html
• Requires
• Telephone line (POTS)
• DSL Modem
• External Modem requires Ethernet to the PC

19
Routing

• Routers operate at the Network layer
• They use tables to keep track of the best path
  from source to destination
• They segment the network based on Network layer
  traffic
• They filter broadcast traffic to a single port on
  the router
• Routers listen on the ports and determine the
  best path using OSPF (open shortest path first),
  RIP (Routing Information Protocol), or NSLP
  (NetWare Link Services Protocol) for IPX

20
Routing Continued

• Some protocols dont route
• Netbeui
• Local Area Transport (DEC)
• Routers can be either
• Static, addresses to other routers are fixed
• Dynamic, addresses to other routers are
  discovered automatically.
• Routers can use multiple links to another site to
  take advantage of available bandwidth on each
  link.

21
Gateways

• Gateways are like routers but switch between
  protocols
• Example
• Token-Ring to ethernet
• IBM HDLC/SNA to Internet TCP/IP
• Because of the switching algorithms needed they
  are usually slow.

22
Radio and Satellite

• Bandwidth versus available frequencies
• High Power and Broad Bandwidth requires FCC
  licensed equipment
• Interference (electrical, atmospheric, animal)
• Timing problems ( 1 foot 1 ns.)
• 23500 miles to satellite ( .25 sec round trip)

23
Cable TV modems

• Use existing cable installation
• Uses broadband network technology via fiber
  optics and coaxial cable
• Asymmetric (8 MB down/1 MB up)
• Costs about 40.00/month

24
RAS

• Remote Access Service
• NT interconnection system
• Can use several different media including dialup
• Can filter specific protocols, it can audit
  connections and use Callback security.
• Works up to about 128 kbps.

25
Telco Leased Line Networks

• ISDN
• DSL
• T1, DS1, T3, DS3
• T1 is 1.544 Mpbs
• Interfaces, CSU/DSU, Framing
• CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit
• OC1, OC3, OC12
• Optical Circuits, OC1 is 51.84 Mbps, OC3 is
  155.52 Mbps

26
Leased Lines

• DS-1/T1 1.544 Mbps or 24 voice channels
• DS3/T3 44.736 Mbps (28 T1s), 672 voice
• Packet Switched
• Uses best route
• Uses small packets
• Virtual Circuit Packet Switching
• Bandwidth Allocated on demand
• SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit)
• PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit)

27
Frame Relay

• Fast, variable length, packet switching network.
• Uses PVCs for point to point communication
• Provides customers with variable rate bandwidth,
  customers share bandwidth with other customers.

28
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

• Used for high speed data communications primarily
  by common carriers (Telco).
• Uses cell relay rather than variable length
  frames
• ATM is expensive and fairly complicated to set up
  and troubleshoot.

29
FDDI

• Fiber Distributed Data Interface
• Dual Ring (Token ring topology)
• Redundant (Fault Tolerant)
• Handles long distances (because of fiber)
• 200 kilometers (124 miles)
• immune to electromagnetic noise/interference
• 100 Mbps
• Protocol includes built in troubleshooting
• Interfaces are fairly expensive

30
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)

• Fiber Optic Gigabit communications protocol.
• Standard for long distance high speed transport
  of data and voice
• Basic transmission unit is STS-1 at 51.84 Mbps up
  to STS-192 or 9,953.28 Mbps