Chapter 12 AIR

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Chapter 12AIR

• Mr. Manskopf
• Notes Also At http//www.manskopf.com

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Why Care About The Air?
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You breathe out of which layer?
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Take a deep breath
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Chapter 12 Air Big Idea

• There are a variety of human activities that
  impact air quality that can affect both the
  health of humans and other organisms.

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Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution

• What are the main sources of air pollution?
• Describe how smog forms
• Explain what a temperature inversion is and how
  it can make are pollution worse.
• TERMS primary and secondary air pollution,
  catalytic converter, ZEVs, smog, temperature
  inversion

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What Causes Air Pollution?

• Air pollution is harmful substances in the air
• To plants, animals and other organisms
• Impact ecosystem functions
• WHAT SHOULD BE IN THE AIR?

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Some Natural Most Human Made
Can you think of other human made AND natural
sources of air pollution?
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Primary vs. Secondary

• Primary pollutant put directly in the air
• (soot from smoke)
• Secondary forms when primary pollutant react with
  other pollutants
• (Smog)

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Primary vs. Secondary
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Primary vs. Secondary
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Major Classes of Air Pollution Table 1 Carbon
Oxides (CO and CO2) Sulfur Oxides (SO2) Nitrogen
Oxides (NO and NO2) Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs CFCs) Suspended Particulate Matter (soot,
dust, asbestos, lead etc.) Photochemical Oxidants
(ozone O3) Radioactive Substances
(Radon) Hazardous Air Pollutants (carcinogens,
etc.)
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Sources of Air Pollution

• Main Sources of Air Pollution
• Burning fossil fuels in cars and at power plants
  (coal, oil and natural gas)
• Urban areas vehicles and industry
• Mobile vs. Stationary Sources

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What can you learn from this graph?
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Human Made vs. Natural
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History of Air Pollution

• Not a new problem
• Why do you think world air-quality today is a
  bigger problem?

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History of Air Pollution

• Not a new problem, but scale has changed during
  industrial revol.
• London smog killed 2,000 in 1880, 1,000 in 1911
  and between 4,000 and 12,000 in 1952
• 1948 Donora PA 6,000 sick
• 1963 NYC 300 killed

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Todays U.S. Air Quality

• http//airnow.gov/
• U.S. Government Web Site With Up To Minute Air
  Quality Data From Monitors Across the country
• http//www.epa.gov/air/data/geosel.html
• U.S. EPA Air Quality Data Tons of data regarding
  air quality across the U.S.
• http//www.epa.gov/airtrends/
• EPA report on air trends in U.S.

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Smog

• (Smoky Fog) Smog
• Secondary Pollutant in many urban areas
• Forms from chemical reaction
• Vehicle exhaust
• Needs sunlight and warm temperatures
• OZONE

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SmogVOCs NOx heat Sunlight Ground Level
Ozone (O3)
Smog Levels Are Influenced By Local
climate Topography Population Density Amount of
industry Transportation
Huge Problem in cities like LAWHY?
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Smog Why care?
Smog Impacts Breathing Problems Coughing, Eye
Irritation Aggravates asthma, heart
problems Speeds up aging of lung tissue Damage
plants Reduce Visibility
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Smog and Temperature Inversion

• Normally as you go up in the troposphere what
  happens to temperature?

• Temperature Inversion occurs when a warmer layer
  forms above a cooler layer
• Traps air near ground

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Temperature Inversion
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Helena Montana
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Clean Air Act

• U.S. Law Passed Congress in 1970 and strengthened
  1990
• Has been huge success
• 93 lower Pb, 41 CO, 40 VOCs, 34 PM-10, 33
  SO2, 15 NOx, 14 O3, PM-2.5 8

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Clean Air Act
Cars today are about 95 cleaner running
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Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEV)

• Have no tailpipe emissions

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Chevy Volt 2010 will travel 30 miles on a
battery before gas engine kicks in
Nissan Leaf travels about 100 miles before
needing to be charged again http//www.youtube.co
m/watch?vf48x9baSuF0
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Clean Air Act

• Requires industries to clean up smokestack
  emissions
• Requires Scrubbers

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Scrubbers
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Monitors like these can tell us air quality data
in real time
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Section 1 Review

• What are the main sources of air pollution?
• Describe how smog forms
• Explain what a temperature inversion is and how
  it can make are pollution worse.
• TERMS primary and secondary air pollution,
  catalytic converter, ZEVs, smog, temperature
  inversion

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Dehlis Daunting Air Problem

• http//www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/business/2
  010/08/24/qmb.future.cities.delhi.air.cnn.html

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Section 2 Air, Noise and Light Pollution

• GOALS
• Describe human health impacts of air pollution.
• What is indoor air pollution?
• Why is noise pollution and light pollution a
  problem?
• TERMS sick-building syndrome, asbestos, decibel.

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How do we breathe?
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CNN Human Health and Air

• http//www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/11/16/urban.toxic.a
  ir/index.html?erefrss_latestutm_sourcefeedburne
  rutm_mediumfeedutm_campaignFeed3Arss2Fcnn_l
  atest28RSS3AMostRecent29utm_contentGoogle
  Feedfetcher

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Short-term health impacts

• Short term exposure to air pollution include
• Headache, nausea, eye and throat irritation,
  coughing
• Asthma attacks

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Short-term Impacts
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Long-term impacts

• Long term exposure to air pollution can lead to
• Lung cancer other lung diseases, heart disease,
  emphysema, premature death
• Elderly and children most at risk

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Normal looking lung
Lung term smoker exposed to air pollution
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Indoor Air Pollution

• Air quality is sometimes worse inside our homes
  and buildings
• People spend 70-98 of time indoors

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Sick Building Syndrome

• Buildings with poor air quality and poor
  ventilation
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Runny nose
• Fixed with improved ventilation, cleaning air
  ducts, opening windows

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Sources of indoor air pollution Plastics,
carpets, cleaning fluids, radon
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Indoor Air Pollution Radon

• Radon colorless, odorless gas
• Naturally occurring in certain rocks
• Seeps into homes through cracks
• Carcinogen (Causes Cancer)

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NJ, of the annual 4,700 lung cancer deaths, as
many as 140-250 may be associated with radon
exposure.
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Indoor Air Pollution Asbestos

• Naturally occurring
• Long thin fibers
• Used for many years for insulation and fire
  retardant
• When inhaled can cause cancer and other lung
  problems

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Scars the lungs when inhaled
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Asbestos in El Dorado, CAhttp//www.cbsnews.com/
video/watch/?id692139n
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Noise Pollution

• Common in most urban areas
• Can lead to stress, high blood pressure and
  hearing loss
• 12 of teens have permanent hearing loss
• WHY DO YOU THINK?

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Light Pollution

• Common in urban areas
• Has a negative impact on our environment
• Energy wasted
• Solutions?

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Review Section 2

• Describe human health impacts of air pollution.
• What is indoor air pollution?
• Why is noise pollution and light pollution a
  problem?
• TERMS sick-building syndrome, asbestos, decibel.

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Section 3 Acid Precipitation

• GOALS
• Explain how acid precipitation is caused
• Describe the impacts of acid precipitation
• Identify ways that the acid precipitation
  problems can be solved
• TERMS acid precipitation, pH and acid shock

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pH

• Is a number scale used to measure how acidic or
  basic a substance is.
• 0 to 14

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Acid Precipitation

• Rain, snow, sleet, freezing rain or hail with
  high concentration of acids
• Tap Water pH 7
• Normal rain pH 5-6
• Acid rain pH below 5

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Acid Rain

• Secondary Pollutant
• Sulfur and Nitrogen oxides

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Main source of Sulfur Dioxide in U.S. is coal
burning at power plants
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Impacts of Acid Precipitation

• Damages soil and aquatic ecosystems
• Damages statues and buildings
• Destroys forests

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Acid Precipitation
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRP-sU8i2edo
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Good news Clean Air Act in U.S. has led to much
lower SO2 and NOx pollution
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Section 3 Review

• Explain how acid precipitation is caused
• Describe the impacts of acid precipitation
• Identify ways that the acid precipitation
  problems can be solved
• TERMS acid precipitation, pH and acid shock

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What will be the future?