Introduction to Pharmacology

1
Introduction to Pharmacology

• Module A

2
Common Pharmacology Terms

• Pharmaceutics
• Pharmacodynamics
• Pharmacogenetics
• Pharmacognosy
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacology
• Pharmacotherapeutics
• Other terms are
• independent study

3
History of Pharmacology
4
History of Pharmacology

• Mystical Period
• Empirical Period
• Medieval Period
• Contemporary Period

5
Sources of Drugs

• Plants
• Animals and Humans
• Minerals and Mineral products
• Synthetic or Chemical substances

6
Sources of Drugs and Drug Information

• Physicians Desk Reference (PDR)
• Package Inserts
• Nursing Drug Guides /Nursing Journals
• Internet websites

7
Legal and Ethical Issues

• Legal Issues
• Ethical Issues
• Basic Ethical Principles
• Beneficence
• Nonmaleficence
• Autonomy
• Justice
• Veracity
• Confidentiality

8
Legal and Ethical Issues

• Nurse Practice Act- describe and define the legal
  boundaries of nursing practice within each state.
  

9
Legal and Ethical Issues

• Students role in medication administration
• Held to the same standards as licensed nurses
• Responsible for their own actions
• Important to know the Nurse Practice Act

10
Federal laws

• Food and Drug Administration
• Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
• Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
• 1952 Durham-Humphrey Amendment of the 1938 Act
• 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment of the 1938 Act

11
Federal laws, cont

• 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and
  Control Act
• Harrison Narcotic Act

12
State laws

• Conforms to the federal legislative guidelines
• Additional control, such as with substances not
  regulated by the federal government

13
FDA approval process

• Investigational New Drug Application
• Informed Consent
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval
  Process
• Preclinical Investigational Drug Studies
• Four Clinical Phases of Investigational Drug
  Studies
• a. Phase I
• b. Phase II
• c. Phase III
• d. Phase I
• Expedited Drug Approval

14
Controlled Substance Act

• The Controlled Substance Act of 1970
• Promoted drug education and research into the
  prevention and treatment of drug dependence,
  strengthened enforcement authority, established
  treatment and rehabilitation facilities, and
  designed schedules or categories  for controlled
  substances.

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Controlled Substances Schedule Categories

• See the diagram in the textbook

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Pharmacodynamics

• Pharmacodynamics- The action of a drug on the
  body, including receptor interactions, dose
  response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic
  and toxic action.

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Receptor theory- MOA

• Receptor is a reactive site on the surface of a
  cell or tissue.
• Drug forms a chemical bond with the receptor
  sites
• Drug binds to and interactions occurs at the
  receptor site thus producing a pharmacologic
  response

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Receptor theory- MOA

• Agonist
• Partial Agonist
• Antagonist
• Competitive Antagonist
• Noncompetitive Antagonist

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Nonreceptor drug actions

• Enzyme Interaction
• Nonspecific Interaction

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Pharmacokinetics

• The actions of the body on the drug, including
  absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
  elimination or excretion

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Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism or Biotransformation
• Excretion or Elimination
• Serum half-life
• Factors that affect pharmacokinetics

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Absorption

• Process by which a drug is transferred from its
  site of entry into the body to the circulating
  fluids of the body for distribution.

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Distribution

• The ways in which drugs are transported by the
  bodys circulating fluids to the sites of action,
  metabolism, and excretion.

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Metabolism or Biotransformation

• Process by which the body inactivates the drugs.
• Liver is the most responsible organ.
• Other tissues and organs
• Skeletal muscle
• lungs
• Plasma
• Kidneys
• Intestinal mucosa

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Excretion or Elimination

• Process of ridding the body of the drug
  metabolites and some active drug forms.
• Two primary elimination organs
• Kidneys- urine
• GI- feces

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Serum half-life

• A measure of the time needed for 50 of the drug
  to be eliminated from the body.

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Factors that affect pharmacokinetics

• Age
• Body Weight
• Metabolic Rate
• Illness
• Psychologic Aspects
• Tolerance

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Pharmacology

• The study of substances that interact with
  living systems through chemical processes, e.g.
  by binding to regulatory molecules that activate
  or inhibit normal body processes.

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The End

• Questions
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