Psychopharmacology by Sue Henderson

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Psychopharmacology by Sue Henderson
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Terminology
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National Health Survey 04-05
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Decline in hospital stay
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Sedative Hypnotic Sleepers downers Anti-psychotics Neuroleptics Major tranquillizers Anti-depressants (mood elevators)
Anti-anxiety Anxiolytics Minor tranquilizers Side Effect drugs Anti-Parkinson (anti-cholinergic) Mood stabilizers (Anti-manic)
CNS stimulants uppers Beta Blockers (propranolol) Anti-convulsants as mood stab
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Key points about drugs

• Drugs alter or mimic body functions
• (but do not create new functions)
• Drugs have multiple actions
• (which may or may not be desired).
• Most psychotropic drugs interact with the body
  via receptors.

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Development of a drug
2. Gee its wonderful. Its simple cures
magically
1. Another one of his fool ideas
4. Used carefully in selected cases it is the
best therapy for X disease.
3. Death from X. Its a poison! I wouldnt
give it to a dog!
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Pharmacokinetics (Study of movement of drug
through the body)

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Elimination

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Pharmacokinetics (Study of movement of drug
through the body)

• Absorption The rate at which a drug gets out of
  the G.I. tract into the blood stream.
• Distribution process of drug molecules leaving
  the blood stream to reach tissues organs.

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Body membranes affecting drug distribution
Capillaries

• General body capillaries allow drug molecules to
  pass freely into the surrounding tissue.

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Blood Brain Barrier BBB

• Brain capillaries have a dense walled structure
  are surrounded by glial cells (lipid). This
  prevents many drug molecules from entering the
  surrounding tissue.

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Termination of drug action.

• Metabolism Detoxification or breakdown. Enzymes
  (Cytochrome P450) in liver cells transform drug
  from fat soluble to water soluble.
• Elimination removal of drug from body. Most via
  kidneys, lungs G.I. Tract (small amounts)

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Pharmacodynamics. How drugs act on body

• Drug receptor interaction drug concentrated at
  the site of action.
• Effect (body responses) Therapeutic effects,
  intoxication side effects.
• The effect will vary depending on age, gender
  health of person, plus the route, frequency of
  use, duration of use and the environment in which
  the drug is consumed.

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Mechanism of action

• Blockade of receptors
• Receptor sensitivity changes
• Reuptake inhibition
• Interference with storage vesicles
• Pre-curser chain interference
• Synaptic enzyme inhibition
• Second messenger cascade

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Normal neurotransmission
Dendrite
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Agonist Mimic
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Agonist Facilitate binding
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Blocking Antagonist
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Up-regulation
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Down-regulation
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All 6 major neurotransmitters have been shown to
influence each others function in the brain.
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Normal
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Depression
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Mania
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Schizophrenia
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Parkinsons
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
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Dementia
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References

• Bryant, B. J., Knights, K. M., Salerno, E.
  (2002). Pharmacology for health professionals.
  Marrickville, N.S.W. Elsevier Science Harcourt
  Australia.
• Glod, C. A. (1998). Contemporary
  psychiatric-mental health nursing the
  brain-behavior connection. Philadelphia F.A.
  Davis.

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References

• Julien, R. M. (2001). A primer of drug action a
  concise, non-technical guide to the actions,
  uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs. New
  York W. H. Freeman and Co.
• Salerno, E. (1999). Pharmacology for health
  professionals. St. Louis Mosby.
• Townsend, M. C. (2000). Psychiatric mental
  health nursing Concepts of care. (3rd ed.).
  Philadelphia F. A. Davis.

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References

• Whelan, G. (1998). The pharmacological
  dimensions of psychoactive drugs. In M. Sabto
  (Ed.), Drug use in Australia A harm minimisation
  approach (pp.14-29). Melbourne Oxford
  University Press.