Renaissance

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Renaissance Reformation
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Italian Renaissance

• Renaissance rebirth
• Renaissance began in Italy and Spread to the rest
  of Europe
• Italy was largely an urban society/ powerful
  city-states became the center of Italian
  political, economic social life
• Renaissance was age of recovery from disasters of
  the 14th century plague, political instability,
  decline of church power
• There was a rebirth of ancient culture

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Italian Renaissance

• A new view of human beings began with the
  emphasis of individual ability
• A high regard for human worth realization what
  individuals could achieve created a new social
  ideal
• Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor, architect,
  inventor, mathematician
• Renaissance had more of an impact on upper class
  but still had emphasis on common people
• Decorations on homes churches with new art that
  celebrated religious secular themes, the
  human body

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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian City States

• During Middle Ages, Italy failed to develop a
  monarchial state/ lack of single ruler allowed
  city-states to rise be independent
• Milan, Venice, Florence all played critical
  roles in Italian politics
• City-states profited from trade that expanded
  during the Middle Ages
• Italians traded by ship
• Traded with Byzantine empire Islamic
  civilizations in East

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Milan

• Located in Northern Italy
• One of the richest cities in Italy
• 14th cent, Visconti family established themselves
  as dukes of Milan/Last Visconti ruler died in
  1447
• Francesco Sforza conquered the city became duke
• Sforza was a leader of mercenaries
• Visconti Sforza leaders created strong
  government efficient tax system

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Franceso Sforza
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Venice

• Link Between Asia western Europe
• City drew traders from all over the world
• Republic with an elected leader called a doge /
  in reality a small group of merchant-aristocrats
  ran the government on behalf of their own
  interests
• Trade empire made Venice a powerful international
  trading empire

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Florence

• Dominated the region of Tuscany
• 14th cent, wealthy merchants established control
  over Florentine government/ Led Florence into
  battle _at_neighbors
• 1434, Cosimo de Medici took control of the city/
  wealthy Medici family controlled government from
  behind the scenes
• Grandson Lorenzo later dominated the city

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Florence

• Late 1400s, Florence experienced a decline
• Economy was based on manufacturing of cloth
  they began getting competition from the English
  which drove down profits

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Florence

• Dominican preacher, Girolamo Savonarola began
  condemning the Medici family
• People turned to Savonarolo because they were
  tired of Medici family
• People eventually began tired of Savonarolos
  strict regulations on gambling, horseracing,
  swearing, painting
• He was accused of Heresy by the church killed

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I smell cheese, I think
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Italian Wars

• Growth of monarchies in Europe led to problems
  for Italy
• 1494, French King Charles VIII led troops in
  occupied the kingdom of Naples
• Northern Italy asked Spain for help
• Spain France fought for 30 years to occupy
  Italy

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Italian Wars

• May 5, 1527 Charles I of Spain along with
  mercenaries destroyed Rome
• There was a frenzy of bloodshed looting
• Church officials were sold as slaves churches
  were ruined
• This ended the Italian wars established Spain
  as a dominating force in Italy

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Niccolo Machiavelli

• Wrote the Prince
• Expresses the Italians love with political power
• Central theme of the book Prince was how to
  acquire obtain political power
• Machiavelli rejected the Christian principles of
  leadership/ the understanding of human nature was
  most important
• Was one of the first to abandon morality as the
  basis for analyzing political activity
• He had a profound influence on political leaders
  who followed

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Machiavelli
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Renaissance Society/Nobility

• Landholding nobles were faced with declining
  incomes during 14th 15th centuries/Old new
  nobility were able to restore their lands
• By 1500, nobles again dominated society/made up
  2-3 of society/held important political roles
  were advisers to the king

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Peasants Townspeoples

• Peasants made up an overwhelming mass of the
  people/85-90 of the total European population
• Serfdom decreased with decline in manoralism
• Increased of peasants became free by 1500
• Townspeoples were mostly merchants artisans

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Peasants
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Family Marriage

• To maintain the family, parents carefully
  arranged marriages often to strengthen business
  or family ties
• It was often worked out by the time a child was 3
• Dowry was important part of marriage/size of
  money given to husbands family by the wives
  family
• Father-husband was center of Italian
  family/managed all finances, women shared no
  wealth
• Women supervised the household
• Adulthood was reached only when fathers went
  before a judge formally freed them (late teens
  to late 20s

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Italian Families
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MMMMMtasty
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Intellectual/Artistic Renaissance

• Humanism key intellectual movement of
  Renaissance/ based on the study of the classics
  literary works of ancient Greece Rome/
• Humanists studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry,
  moral philosophy, history/ Today these subjects
  are called humanities
• Petrarch father of Italian Renaissance humanism
• In Florence, humanist movement took a different
  direction thought intellectual activity was a
  life of solitude rejected family community
  life/ earlier humanists believed you should serve
  your state

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Petrarch
Father of Humanism
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Renaissance Literature

• Some writers wrote in vernacular
  language(language spoken in their region) instead
  of Latin
• Italian author Dante Chaucer helped make
  vernacular literature more popular

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Dante
Dantes Divine Comedy
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Dante, Divine Comedy

• Dante Divine Comedy
• Story of the souls journey through salvation
• Divided into 3 realms Hell, Purgatory, Heaven
• Dante is led on an imaginary journey through
  these 3 realms until he reaches paradise

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Chaucer, Canterbury Tales

• Used English vernacular
• Canterbury Tales, most famous work
• Consists of a collection of tales told by a group
  of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St.
  Thomas a Becket at Canterbury
• Format gave Chaucer the opportunity to portray
  English society from the high to low class of
  people

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Christine de Pizan

• Frenchwoman, best known for her works written in
  the defense of women
• Book of the City of Ladies written in 1404, she
  denounced the theory that male writers claimed
  that women were unable to learn were easily
  swayed

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Renaissance Education

• Humanist movement had a huge impact on education
• Humanists believed that liberal studies helped
  individuals reach their full potential/today we
  call them liberal arts
• Liberal arts moral philosophy, rhetoric,
  grammar logic, poetry, mathematics, astronomy,
  music
• Purpose of a liberal education was to produce
  individuals who follow a path of virtue wisdom
• Following Greek ideals of sound mind body,
  humanist educators stressed physical education/
  students learned throwing, archery, dancing,
  encouraged to run, wrestle, hunt, swim

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Renaissance Education

• Educators thought that humanist education was
  practical preparation for life
• Aim was to produce complete citizens
• Very few females attended humanist schools/
  steered toward studying the classics/ did not
  learn mathematics or rhetoric/ Religion morals
  were the emphasis in preparing to be good wives

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Artists

• Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in
  their works
• Frescoes painted by Masaccio in Florence at the
  beginning of the 15th century are the first
  masterpieces of early Renaissance art
• Fresco painting done on fresh, wet plaster with
  water based paints

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Masaccio Frescoes Paintings
Was able to create an illusion of 3 dimensions
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Renaissance Sculptors

• Donatello spent time in Rome studying copying
  the statues of Greeks Romans/ Most prominent
  sculpture was statue of Saint George
• Filippo Brunelleschi was inspired by buildings of
  classical Rome to create new architecture in
  Florence/ designed the church of San Lorenzo

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Donatello/ St. George statue
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High Renaissance (1490-1520)

• Associated with 3 artistic giants Leonardo,
  Raphael, Michelangelo
• Leonardo mastered the art of realistic painting
  even dissected bodies to better see how nature
  worked
• At 25, Raphael was regarded as one of the best
  painters in Italy/admired for his paintings of
  the Virgin Mary
• Michelangelo accomplished painter, sculptor,
  architect/ Sistine Chapel in Rome, Statue of David

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Renaissance Heroes in a ½ Shell
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Raphael
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Michelangelo/ Sistine Chapel
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Michelangelo
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Protestant Reformation

• Reformation name given to the religious reform
  movement that divided the western church into
  Catholic protestant groups
• Martin Luther began the reformation in the early
  1600s, but there were many earlier developments
  that led to it

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Leading up to the Reformation

• Christian humanism was a school of thought that
  wanted to reform the Catholic Church
• Christian humanists believed in the ability of
  human beings to reason improve themselves/they
  thought if people would read the classics basic
  works of Christianity, they would become more
  pious and then bring change to the Catholic
  Church
• Christian humanists believed that in order to
  change society, they first had to change
  individuals
• Desiderius Erasmus was the best known Christian
  humanist

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Desiderius Erasmus

• Called his view of religion the Philosophy of
  Christ
• He wanted to say that Christianity could show
  people how to live good lives on a daily basis
  rather than a system of beliefs that people have
  to practice in order to be saved
• Stressed internal forms of religion
• Was not concerned with pilgrimages, feasts,
  relics
• Wanted to spread the philosophy of Christ,
  provide education, criticize abuses of the
  church

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Erasmus/ The Praise of Folly

• Written in 1509, Erasmus humorously criticized
  aspects of society that he believed were most in
  need of reform
• Singled out monks for special treatment
• Erasmus sought reform with the Catholic church,
  did not wish to break away
• His actions prepared the way for the Reformation
• Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched

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Corruption in the Church

• Between 1450 1520 a series of popes known as
  Renaissance popes failed to meet the churchs
  spiritual needs
• Popes too involved in political matters not
  enough in religious matters
• Julius II led armies against his enemies/ caused
  much criticism with the people
• Church officials were concerned with money used
  their church offices to get wealthy and advance
  their careers

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Pope Julius II
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St. Peters Basilica
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Corruption in the Church

• Ordinary priests were ignorant of their duties
• People wanted to know how to save their souls
  priests were unable to offer advice or
  instruction
• Church leaders were failing to meet their
  responsibilities people wanted assurance of
  salvation
• Churches started selling relics as a source of
  indulgence
• Indulgences attached to relics could reduce time
  in Purgatory by 1443 years
• Indulgences were also sold as certificates

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Martin Luther

• Was a monk professor at the University of
  Wittenberg in Germany/ lectured on the Bible
• Luther arrived at answer to the problem of
  Salvation that had bothered him since becoming a
  monk
• Catholic teaching had stressed that both faith
  good works were needed to gain personal salvation
• In Luthers opinion, humans were powerless in the
  sight of an almighty God
• Luther said that Faith was most important that
  good works would not secure you a place in heaven
• This became the chief teaching of Protestant
  Reformation/Bible became the main source of Truth

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Martin Luther
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Ninety-Five Theses

• Luther was not a rebel, just trying to do what
  was right was greatly upset with the selling of
  indulgences
• October 31, 1517, Luther sent the Ninety-Five
  Theses to his superiors other church officials
• They were an attack on the abuses of the Church
• Pope Leo X did not take the issue seriously

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Pope Leo X
Luther.. some drunken German who will ammend
his ways when he sobers up
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Break with the Church

• By 1520, Luther was calling for a break from the
  Church/called on German princes to overthrow the
  papacy in Germany and form a reformed church
• Luther attacked the use of sacraments/thought
  priests were using them to destroy the real
  meaning of the gospel
• Luther only kept 2 sacraments Baptism
  Communion
• Luther also called for the clergy to marry/went
  against Catholic requirement of celibacy

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Baptism Communion
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Break with the Church

• Church excommunicated Luther in January 1521/ he
  was called to appear in front of the Holy Roman
  Empire at the city of Worms under newly elected
  emperor Charles V
• Charles tried to convince Luther he was wrong but
  failed
• Edict of Worms Luther was made an outlaw/
  Luthers works were to be burned Luther
  arrested
• However, Luthers Ruler Elector Frederick of
  Saxony refused to kill Luther and sent him into
  hiding then protected him when he returned to
  Wittenberg in 1522

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Edict of Worms
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Elector Frederick of Saxony
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Rise of Lutheranism

• Luthers religious movement became a revolution
• Luther gained support of many German rulers
• German rulers took control of Catholic churches
  in their territories and formed state churches
  under the watch of the government
• Lutheranism first protestant church
• Luther set up church services to replace the
  masses that consisted of Bible readings,
  preaching the word of the God, song
• June 1524, German peasants revolted against Lords
  looked for Luthers support/He cited with the
  Lords/ Luther had to rely on government to spread
  his message

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German Reformation

• The fate of Luthers movement was tied to
  political affairs
• Charles V Holy Roman Empire was also Charles I
  of Spain ruled immense empire consisting of Spain
  its colonies
• Charles wanted to keep his empire under the
  control of one dynasty-Hapsburg/ Plus he wanted
  to keep it Catholic
• Charles ended up becoming sick dying plus a
  of problems which allowed Lutheranism to spread
  by giving Lutherans time to organize before
  having to face Catholic forces

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Charles V/ Charles I
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German Reformation

• Chief political concern of Charles V was a rival
  with king of France,Francis I led to a series
  of wars that lasted over 20 years
• Charles faced opposition from Pope Clement VII
  who had sided with French king
• Charles had to send forces to fight invading
  Ottoman Turks
• Internal political situation was not in Charles
  favor
• German states supported Luther as a way to assert
  their local authority over the authority of the
  empire Charles V

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King Francis I of France
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Pope Clement VII
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German Reformation

• By the time Charles V was able to get forces to
  Germany, the Lutheran princes were well organized
• Charles was unable to defeat them had to seek
  peace
• Peace of Augsburg 1555 brought an end to
  religious warfare in Germany/ officially accepted
  the division of Christianity in Germany
• German states were now free to choose their
  religion
• Both were to have equal political rights
• However, German rulers were able to choose the
  religion for all their subjects/individuals did
  not make the personal decision of which religion

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Zwinglian Reformation

• Ulrich Zwingli priest in Zurich
• Introduced religious reforms/ relics were
  abolished/all paintings decorations were taken
  down in the church
• New church service scripture reading, prayer,
  sermons
• Tried to unite with Luther, but disagreed on
  meaning of communion
• 1531, war broke out between Protestants
  Catholics/Zwingli army was routed he was killed

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Calvinism

• John Calvin educated in France
• After converting to Protestantism, forced to flee
  Catholic France for Switzerland
• 1536, published the Institutes of the Christian
  Religion summary of Protestant thought
• Was very close to Luther on many
  doctrines/however emphasized the idea of God
  having an all-powerful nature
• Believed in predestination God had determined
  in advance who would be saved who would be
  damned

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Calvinism

• Belief in Predestination gave Calvinists the
  belief they were doing Gods work on Earth
• 1536, Calvin worked on reforming the city of
  Geneva
• Created a church government that used both laity
  clergy in the service
• Consistory legal body set up to enforce moral
  life of Genevans/had the right to punish people
  who deviated from church teachings
• Citizens were punished for dancing, singing,
  obscene songs, drunkedness, swearing

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Calvinism

• By mid 16th century, Calvinism replaced
  Lutheranism as the most important form of
  Protestantism
• Geneva stood as the center of the Protestant
  Reformation

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Reformation in England

• Was rooted in politics
• King Henry VIII wanted to divorce wife, but the
  church would not allow
• Thomas Crammer, archbishop of Canterbury,
  declared the marriage annulled
• 1534, Henry broke from the Catholic Church
• After his death, English leaders moved towards a
  protestant direction Anglican Church

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King Henry VIII
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Catholic Reformation

• Revitalized in 16th century/regained much of what
  it lost
• Reformation was supported by 3 pillars Jesuits,
  reform of papacy, Council of Trent
• Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius of
  Loyola small group of Jesuits who took a vow of
  obedience to the pope and spread the word of the
  Catholic church/fixing the problems of the past
• Papacy Reform Renaissance popes brought a lot
  of corruption to the church/Pope Paul III
  appointed a Reform Commission in 1537

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St. Ignatius of Loyola
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Catholic Reformation

• The commission blamed the problems on corrupt
  popes
• Paul III also called for the Council of Trent
• Council of Trent March 1545, group of
  cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots met in
  the city of Trent on and off for 18 years
• Final decrees of Council of Trent reaffirmed
  traditional Catholic teachings, both faith and
  good works were declared necessary for salvation,
  seven sacraments were upheld, Belief in purgatory
  was strengthened, selling of indulgences was
  forbidden

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Pope Paul III