Typhoid Fever

1
Typhoid Fever Diphtheria

• What are they?

Content source National Center for Immunization
and Respiratory Diseases Division of Bacterial
Diseases 
2
What is Typhoid Fever?

• Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness
  caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. In the
  United States about 400 cases occur each year,
  and 75 of these are acquired while traveling
  internationally. Typhoid fever is still common in
  the developing world, where it affects about 21.5
  million persons each year.

3
How is it spread?

• Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in
  their bloodstream and intestinal tract. A small
  number of persons, called carriers , recover from
  typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria.
  Both ill persons and carriers shed S. Typhi in
  their feces (stool).

4
How is it spread?

• You can get typhoid fever if you eat food or
  drink beverages that have been handled by a
  person who is shedding S. Typhi or if sewage
  contaminated with S. Typhi bacteria gets into the
  water you use for drinking or washing food.
• Typhoid fever is more common in areas of the
  world where handwashing is less frequent and
  water is likely to be contaminated with sewage.

5
Symptoms

• Sustained fever as high as 103 to 104 F (39 to
  40 C).
• Feel weak, or have stomach pains, headache, or
  loss of appetite.
• May have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots.

6
Treatment Antibiotics

• Persons given antibiotics usually begin to feel
  better within 2 to 3 days, and deaths rarely
  occur. However, persons who do not get treatment
  may continue to have fever for weeks or months,
  and as many as 20 may die from complications of
  the infection.

7
Diphtheria

• The bacteria most commonly infects the nose and
  throat. The throat infection causes a gray to
  black, tough, fiber-like covering, which can
  block the airways. In some cases, diphtheria may
  first infect the skin, producing skin lesions.
• Antitoxin only in U.S.
• Diphtheria remains in developing countries. The
  countries of the former Soviet Union have
  reported gt150,000 cases in an epidemic which
  began in 1990.

Source for slides to follow University of
Washington School of Medicine
8
How does it spread?

• Direct person-to-person transmission (respiratory
  and physical contact) and through contaminated
  food and objects.
• Because of widespread and routine childhood DPT
  immunizations, diphtheria is now rare in many
  parts of the world. There are fewer than five
  cases of diphtheria a year in the United States.
• Risk factors for developing nations crowded
  environments, poor hygiene, and lack of
  immunization.

9
Symptoms
Basically, it ends in suffocation

• Bluish coloration of the skin
• Bloody, watery drainage from nose
• Breathing problems
• Difficulty breathing
• No breathing
• Rapid breathing
• Stridor, high-pitched breathing sound caused by
  blockage
• Chills
• Croup-like (barking) cough
• Drooling (airway blockage)
• Fever
• Hoarseness
• Painful swallowing
• Skin lesions (usually seen in tropical areas)
• Sore throat (may range from mild to severe)
• TREATMENT antitoxin and antibiotics