The Modern Middle East

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The Modern Middle East

• Ms. Scott
• World History Geography

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The Ottoman Empire

• Location ruled from modern day Turkey
• Defeated Byzantine Empire in 1453 (a large
  Eastern Orthodox Christian empire)
• Expanded into Eastern Europe and much of N.
  Africa

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• By 1800s, Empire was declining
• Tried to improve using reforms, resorted to
  strict authoritarian rule
• Nationalism exploded
• Serbians, Armenians, other minority groups
  wanted to be independent
• 1908, the Young Turks fought for Western style
  government

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• World War I, Ottomans sided with Germany

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• 1915, Armenian genocide by Ottoman Empire
  estimated 1 million killed

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• Ottoman Empire lost World War I
• After WWI, Great Britain and France took control
  of the Middle East

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The Rise of Arab Nationalism

• The people wanted European powers out of the
  Middle East
• Palestine
• Tensions between Arabs and Jewish immigrants
  increased
• Great Britain (who controlled the area) limited
  Jewish immigration denied their request for an
  independent state
• After World War II, United States stepped in and
  Jewish state of Israel formed in 1948
• 90 of those living in Palestine were Muslim, saw
  this as a betrayal by the West

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Nasser and Pan-Arabism

• Abdul Nasser overthrew King Farouk in military
  coup, 1952
• Although Egypt already independent in 1922,
  Britain maintained control of Suez Canal
• Suez War of 1956
• Great Britain, France, Israel versus Egypt (who
  was supported by the U.S. and the Soviet Union),
  Egypt won.

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Celebrating Egypts Victory
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Pan-Arabism

• Union of all Arab states in a new socialist
  society
• Kings of Jordan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia feared
  pan-Arabism it meant sharing oil revenues

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• 1964, Egypt helped form the Palestinian
  Liberation Organization (PLO)
• Yasir Arafat, lead terrorist attacks

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Arab-Israeli Dispute

• Conflicts between Arabs and Israel intensified
• Six Day War, 1967, Israel launched attacks
  against Egypt and Arab neighbors
• Israel tripled the size of its territories

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• 1970, Nasser dies, Anwar al-Sadat takes charge of
  Egypt
• He wanted Israel to retreat to original borders,
  Israel refused
• 1973, October Wars Syria and Egypt attacked
  Israel. Cease-fire ended it.
• 1978, Camp David Accords, Jimmy Carter (U.S.
  President at the time) worked out peace agreement
  between Egypt Israel

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Camp David Accords, Israelagrees to withdraw
from SinaiPeninsula

• Sadat, Carter, Begin

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• Anwar Sadat was later assassinated.
• Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated for giving
• back some of the land gained
• in war.
• Street Memorial in
• Tel Aviv for
• Rabin

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OPEC

• Background in Middle East at the time
• 1973, OPEC formed, used oil to force Western
  governments to stop supporting Israel
• Libya
• Colonel Muammar Quadhafi, used oil to rebuild
  country to finance terrorism against the U.S.

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Revolution in Iran

• Iran
• 1950s-1960s, Iran was primary ally of U.S. in
  Middle East under the Shah of Iran
• Economic problems
• Devout Muslims hated Western influence
• Savak security police of the Shah, imprisoned
  tortured thousands of political dissidents

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• Shah of Iran Ayatollah
  Kohmeini

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• Ayatollah Kohmeini, cleric exiled to Paris, still
  his message of Islamic revolution spread
• Unrest spread and Shah fled to U.S.
• Traditional Islamic law restored
• American hostage
• Conflict with the U.S.
• Oil embargo against Iran

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Iranian Revolution
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• 1979, Soviet Union moved into Afghanistan (Muslim
  people, Iran helped so did U.S.)
• Afghani rebels won. In 1990 another civil war,
  won by the radical, brutal Taliban. Taliban and
  Osama bin Laden his Al Qaeda are close allies.
• Iran versus Iraq
• Iranian Shiites
• Ruling class in Iraq Sunni
• They argued for years over Straits of Hormuz
• Why? Waterway to export oil

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• During 1970s, Iran gave support to Kurdish
  rebellion
• 1975, Saddam Hussein crushed Kurdish revolt (used
  mustard gas)
• 1980, Iraq attacked Iran 10 year war very
  brutal (U.S. openly supported Iraq Iran-Contra
  Affair)

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Iraq

• 1990, Saddam Hussein invaded took over Kuwait
• United Nations (including U.S.) went to war with
  Iraq in Gulf War
• Pushed Hussein out of Kuwait, but did not take
  Baghdad
• Why? Feared break-up of country to the benefit of
  Iran

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Oil Fields on Fire
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• After the Gulf War, U.S. imposed economic
  sanctions
• Pres. Clinton skirmished several times with
  Hussein
• After 9/11/2001, with charges of Iraqi nuclear
  weapons program Husseins alleged support of Al
  Qaeda U.S. invaded Iraq in March 2003
• Simultaneously, we invaded Afghanistan to go
  after the radical Taliban government which housed
  helped Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda.