Lexical and semantic change

1
Lexical and semantic change
Historical Linguistics
2
Recent loan words
Email Internet Event surfen joggen cool Hi
Sushi Djihad
3
Neologismen
Handy
Ein-Euro-Job Ich-AG Jamaika-Koalition Schwample öd
ig
4
Semantic change
Ein krasser Fall von Betrug Im krassen Gegensatz
zu Ein krasses Missverständnis
Krass! Das ist echt krass! Ein total krasser Film
5
Sources of new words
6
English loan words
Computer Desktop Mouse Email Bytes Keyboard Disk R
am
7
Loan words from Old Norse (800-1050)
law leg neck bag cake egg fellow dirt anger k
nife skin give sister take
8
Loan words from Latin
GERM OE ME EME wall noon history occurrence s
treet rule gesture expectation onion cap infan
cy insane church pear individual frequency
9
Loan words from French (1100-1400)
action adventure age person bucket powder ca
rpenter river coast country cost usual clear
approach advice prefer enjoy air
10
Loan words from other languages
moose native American tobacco native
American canoe native American curry East
Asian jungle East Asian mango East
Asian kangaroo Australia
11
Loan words from other languages
banana Africa chimpanzee Africa zebra Afr
ica canyon Spanish taco Spanish angst G
erman kindergarten German
12
What motivates borrowing?

• New things need new names
• Loan words are often trendy
• Language contact, bilingualism

13
Loan Translations
Greek sym-pathia with-suffering Latin com-pa
ssion with-suffering German Mit-leid with-su
ffering
14
Loan Translations from German
German English Übermensch superman Weltansc
hauung worldview Antikörper antibody Gedanken
experiment thought experiment Biergarten beer
garden
15
German loan translation
Skyscraper (Engl.) gt Wolkenkratzer Grand-mère
(Fren.) gt Großmutter Television
(engl.) gt Fernsehen
16
Phonological treatment of loan words
Genre (French) gt genre (English)
Müsli (German) gt muesli (English) mysli mj
usli
17
Phonological treatment of loan words
Komputer Keyboard
Multimedia Microchip
London Arkansas
Restaurant Parfüm
Jazz
18
Old English v f
lUvU love fst fast fifta fifth
Offrian to offer Ovnas oven hrvn r
aven
19
Modern English v f
very voice virgin victory value vowel vine
vinegar
few vs. view fat vs. vat rifle vs. rival str
ife vs. strive
20
Developmement of Z
measure pleasure treasure leisure
Bet you!
b_at_t yU
b_at_tSU
camouflage garage massage genre
21
Phonotactics
schmuck schlep schnoz spiel
schnapps schnauzer schnitzel schmaltz
shrink shred shrimp
22
Morphological treatment of loan words
kindergarten kindergarten-s (kindergärten)
phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria datum
data hypothesis hypotheses
23
German plural
Chip Chips Gang Gangs Freak Freaks Email E
mails
Komputer Modul Maus/Mouse
24
German genus
Die Band Das Buisness
Die Kapelle Das Geschäft
Check-in Black-out Hot Dog Email
25
German verb inflection
ein-checken aus-checken an-törnen ab-fucken
Ich surfe Du surfst Er surft Wir surfen Ihr
surft Sie surfen
ge-surf-t ge-jogg-t ge-dance-t
26
English verbal prefixes
re-do
inter- pre- re-
reiterate repeate reunion resign resist restrict
27
Grammatical borrowing
The Balkan Sprachbund
28
The Balkan Sprachbund
Rumanian om-ul man-the Bulgarian kniega-ta m
an-the Albanian mik-u man-the
I saw Peter leave. I saw that Peter left.
Periphrastic future
29
Order adjective-noun
30
Prepositions - postpositions
31
Prefixing - Suffixing
32
Tone
33
Tea cha - te
34
Compounding
girlfriend soundproof ice cream jetlag lipstick
close-up
35
Affixation
pre- -ness re- -ful anti- -ity non- -al ex
- -ize over- -er
36
Zero derivation
bridge to bridge sandwich to
sandwich email to email
37
Clipping
telephon gt phone gymnasium gt gym influenzia
gt flu
38
Blending
motor hotel gt motel smoke
fog gt smog channel tunnel gt chunnel
39
Acronyms
Acquired immune deficiency syndrom gt AIDS North
Atlantic Treaty Organization gt NATO Radio
detecting and ranging gt radar Strategic Arms
Limitation Talk gt SALT For your
information gt FYI
40
Eponyms
Sandwich Hamburger Kodak Xerox
41
Word creation
blurb chirrup blatant pentium
42
Semantic change
Meaning 1
Meaning 2
Meaning 2
Meaning 1
43
Semantic change
to write From to cut, to scratch
timber Zimmer From word for building
44
Metaphor and Metonomy
to kill to terminate to take care of to
eliminate to dispose of
drunk blasted ripped smashed wasted
tea evening meal head leader give me a
hand help me
45
Widening and Narrowing
Dog Original meaning specific type of
dog Salary From Lat. salarium, i.e. soldiers
allotment of salt gt soldiers wages gt
pay Arrive Original meaning arrive by ship
Meat food including non-meaty
food Wife woman Deer animal Fowl bird
(cf. Vogel) Starve to die (cf. sterben)
46
Degeneration and Elevation
Spinster older unmarried woman who
spins Mistress woman who has control over
household Peasant small farmer
Knight mounted warrior serving a king
47
Traugott From concrete to abstract
felan (meaning touch) gt feel
(emotional) realize (make real) gt realize
(understand) see (visual) gt see
(understand) hot (temperature) gt hot
(sexually, etc.) shit (physical) gt shit
(interjection)
48
Traugott From concrete to abstract
while (Da hwile De at the time that) gt
conjunction but (on the outside) gt
conjunction well (adverb of good) gt
discourse marker this/that (demonstrative) gt
complementizer there (demonstrative) gt
existential marker
49
Traugott From concrete to abstract
Deontic modal verbs gt Epistemic modal verbs
She must go. gt This must be it.