Los Incas

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Los Incas

• El imperio Tahuantinsuyu con fotografías

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Dónde vivían los incas?

• Los incas habitaban los países de Sudamérica
  Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Chile y
  Argentina.
• Su imperio contenía los Andes las montañas más
  altas de America Latina.

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El mapa de expansiones
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Geografia

• Perú es mas conocido como la tierra de los Incas.
  Tiene una área de 1,285,216 Km. cuadrados, y esta
  situado en la costa del Pacifico, en la parte
  norte central de Sud America.
• Perú es el tercer país mas grande de Sud America,
  detrás solo de Brasil y Argentina. Perú es
  considerado un país tropical. Perú tiene tres
  regiones bien marcadas, una delgada zona costera,
  las montañas de los Andes de mayor anchura, y la
  zona forestal del Amazonas.
• La faja costera es mayormente formada de
  desiertos pero aquí se ubican los ciudades
  principales.
• Los ríos corren desde el este hacia el oeste,
  deslizándose hacia abajo con taludes bien
  inclinados lo que hace que los ríos sean
  torrentosos. En estas valles se encuentran los
  mayores centros de agricultura.

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Historia

• La famosa civilización Inca solo es una parte de
  toda la Arqueología Peruana. Antes de los Incas,
  Perú tuvo las culturas PRE-Colombinas , algunas
  de estas precediendo a los Incas por muchos
  siglos.
• Este imperio es uno de lo mas conocido en el
  mundo. En su apogeo, el imperio tenia 2500 Km.
  cuadrados cubriendo los países que hoy se llaman
  Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Chile, e
  Argentina.

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El Imperio Incaico

• A pesar de toda su grandeza el Imperio Incaico
  existió más de un siglo. Con anterioridad al año
  1430 los Incas gobernaron solo el Valle del
  Cuzco.
• Ellos habían entablado una guerra con los Chancas
  y finalmente los derrotaron en una gran victoria
  en 1430. Esto marcó el comienzo de una gran
  expansión militar.
• El Imperio Incaico conquistó e incorporó la
  mayoría de las culturas en el área que se
  extendía desde el sur de Colombia hasta el centro
  de Chile. Los Incas impusieron su modo de vida
  sobre las gentes que conquistaron.
• Para el tiempo que los Españoles arribaron la
  mayoría del área de los Andes había sido
  totalmente controlado bajo las leyes de los
  Incas.

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Las fechas importantes

• 1438 empezó el imperio inca (el rey, Pacha cutí
  conquistó otros tribus)
• 1532 Francisco Pizarro llegó a Sudamérica (la
  conquista española)
• 1572 murió el ultimo rey inca (Tupác Amaru)
  terminó el imperio

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Quipu
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The Inca Rise To Power (1)

• Their own legends state that ten related clans
  emerged from caves in the region and were taken
  to Cuzco by a mythical leader. Wherever their
  origins, by about A.D. 1350 they resided in and
  around Cuzco and by 1438 they had defeated their
  hostile neighbors in the area. At this point
  under their ruler, or Inca, Pachacuti
  (1438-1471), they launched a series of military
  alliances and campaigns that brought them control
  of the whole area from Cuzco to the shores of
  Lake Titicaca.
•   

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Cuzco
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The Inca Rise To Power (2)

• The Inca armies were constantly on the march,
  extending control over a vast territory.
  Pachacuti's son and successor, Topac Yupanqui
  (1471-1493) conquered the northern coastal
  kingdom of Chimor by seizing its irrigation
  system, and he extended Inca control into the
  southern area of what is now Ecuador.
• At the other end of the empire, Inca armies
  reached the Maule River in Chile in spite of the
  Araucanian Indians resistance.
• The next ruler, Huayna Capac (1493-1527)
  consolidated these conquests and suppressed a
  number of rebellions on the frontiers. By the
  time of his death, the Inca Empire - or as they
  called it, Twantinsuyu - stretched from what is
  now Colombia to Chile and eastward across Lake
  Titicaca and Bolivia to northern Argentina.
• Between nine and 13 million people of different
  ethnic backgrounds and languages came under Inca
  rule, a remarkable number given the extent of the
  empire and the technology available for
  transportation and communication.

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Las centros importantes

• Cuzco (el ombligo del mundo navel of the world
  en quechua)
• Machu Picchu (desde allí los incas estudiaban el
  sol)
• Pisac (también en Perú)

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Machu Picchu
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La religión

• Los incas también creían en muchos dioses (eran
  politeístas).
• -Viracocha el dios creador
• -Inti el dios sol
• -Mama Kilya la diosa de la luna
• -Ilyapa el dios del buen tiempo (weather)

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Religion

• Inca political and social life was infused with
  religious meaning. Like the Aztecs, the Incas
  held the sun to be the highest deity and
  considered the Inca to be the sun's
  representative on earth.
• The magnificent Temple of the Sun in Cuzco was
  the center of the state religion, and in its
  confines the mummies of the past Incas resided.
  The cult of the sun was spread throughout the
  empire, but the Inca did not prohibit the worship
  of local gods.
•  
• Other deities were also worshiped as part of the
  state religion. Viracocha, a creator god, was a
  favorite of Inca Pachacuti and remained
  important.
• Popular belief was based on the idea that many
  natural phenomena were connected to spiritual
  power. Mountains, stones, rivers, caves, or tombs
  and temples were considered to be holy shrines.
  At these places, prayers were offered and
  sacrifices of animals, goods, and humans were
  made.
• The temples were served by many priests and women
  dedicated to the preparation of cloth and food
  for sacrifice. The temple priests were mainly
  responsible for the great festivals and
  celebrations upon which state actions often
  depended.

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La sociedad incaica

• emperador
• la familia real
• aristócratas
• administradores
• otros nobles
• artesanos
• Trabajadores
• Campesinos
• guerreros

• Los incas creían que sus emperadores eran hijos
  del primer dios Viracocha, por eso el rey o
  emperador tenía la autoridad máxima en el imperio.

La familia real
nobles
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Social classes

• The Inca nobility was greatly privileged and
  those related to the Inca himself held the
  highest positions. The nobility were all drawn
  from the ten royal ayllus.
• In addition, the residents of Cuzco were given
  noble status to enable them to serve in high
  bureaucratic posts.
• The nobles were distinguished by dress and
  custom. Only they were entitled to wear the large
  ear spools that enlarged the ears and caused the
  Spaniards to later call them orejones, or "big
  ears."
• Noticeably absent in most of the Inca Empire was
  a distinct merchant class. Unlike Mesoamerica
  where long-distance trade was so important, Inca
  emphasis on self- sufficiency and state
  regulation of production and surplus limited
  trade.
• Only in the northern areas of the empire, in the
  chiefdoms of Ecuador, the last region brought
  under Inca control, did a specialized class of
  traders exist.

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La comida

• Tres cosas esenciales
• -maíz (sara)
• -papas o patatas (chuno)
• -quinoa (chisaya mama mother grain)
• para cereales, harina, sopas
• Cuando los incas empezaron a comerciar con otros
  tribus comían calabazas, piñas y papayas.
• Sabían como hacer la comida seca.

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Las fotos
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Language

• The Incas intentionally spread the Quechua
  language as a means of integrating the empire.
• The Incas made extensive use of colonists.
  Sometimes Quechua-speakers from Cuzco might be
  settled in a newly won area to provide an example
  and a garrison. On other occasions, a resistive
  conquered population was moved to a new home.
• Throughout the empire, a complex system of roads
  was constructed with bridges and causeways when
  needed. Along these roads, way stations, were
  placed about a day's walk apart to serve as inns,
  storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies
  on the move.
• Tambos also served as relay points for the system
  of runners who carried messages throughout the
  empire. The Inca probably maintained over 10,000
  tambos.

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Machupichu
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World of the Incas

• Almost at the same time that the Aztecs extended
  their control over much of Mesoamerica, a great
  imperial state was rising in the Andean
  highlands, and it eventually held sway over an
  empire some 3000 miles in extent.
• The Inca Empire incorporated many aspects of
  previous Andean cultures but fused them together
  in new ways - and with a genius for state
  organization and bureaucratic control over
  peoples of different cultures and languages, it
  achieved a level of integration and domination
  previously unknown in the Americas.

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Los Impuestos

• With few exceptions the Incas, unlike the Aztecs,
  did not demand tribute, but rather required labor
  on the lands assigned to the state and the
  religion.
• Communities were expected to take turns working
  on state and church lands and sometimes on
  building projects or in mining.
• These labor turns were an essential aspect of
  Inca control.
• In addition, the Inca required women to weave
  high-quality cloth for the court and for
  religious purposes. The Incas provided the wool,
  but each household was required to produce cloth.
  Woven cloth, a great Andean art form, had
  political and religious significance.
• Some women were taken as concubines for the Inca
  and others were selected as servants at the
  temples, the so-called "Virgins of the Sun."
• In all this, the Inca had an overall imperial
  system, but remained sensitive to local
  variations so that its application accommodated
  regional and ethnic differences.

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Inca Cultural Achievements

•  
• The Incas drew on the artistic traditions of
  their Andean predecessors and the skills of
  subject peoples.
• Beautiful pottery and cloth was produced in
  specialized workshops.
• Inca metallurgy was among the most advanced of
  the Americas, and Inca artisans worked gold and
  silver with great technical skill. The Incas also
  used copper and some bronze for weapons and
  tools.
• Like the Mesoamerican peoples, the Incas made no
  practical use of the wheel.
• They had no system of writing.
• The Incas, however, did make use of a system of
  knotted strings with which numerical and perhaps
  other information could be recorded. It
  functioned something like an abacus, and with it
  the Incas took censuses and kept financial
  records.

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Inca Cultural Achievements

• The Incas had a passion for numerical order, and
  the population was divided into decimal units
  from which they enlisted the them in the
  military.
• Inca stonecutting was remarkably accurate and the
  best buildings were constructed of large fitted
  stones without the use of masonry. Some of these
  buildings were immense.
• Incan constructions, the large agricultural
  terraces, irrigation projects, and the extensive
  system of roads were among the Incas' greatest
  achievements.
• The Incas displayed their technical ability and
  workmanship as well as their ability to mobilize
  large amounts of manpower.
• Inca genius was best displayed
• in their statecraft and
• in their architecture and
• public buildings.

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Comparing The Incas And Aztecs

•  Both the Inca and the Aztec empires were based
  on a long development of civilization that
  preceded them and while in some areas of
  artistic and intellectual achievement earlier
  peoples had surpassed their accomplishments, both
  represented the success of imperial and military
  organization.
• Both empires were based on intensive agriculture
  organized by a state that accumulated surplus
  production and then controlled the circulation of
  goods and their redistribution to groups or
  social classes.
• In both states older semi kinship-based
  institutions, the ayllu and the calpulli, were
  being transformed by the emergence of a social
  hierarchy in which the nobility was increasingly
  predominant. In both areas this nobility was also
  the personnel of the state, so that the state
  organization was almost an image of society.
      

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Comparing The Incas And Aztecs (2)

• While the Incas attempted to create an
  overarching political state and made conscious
  attempts to integrate their empire as a unit (the
  Aztecs did less in this regard), both empires
  recognized local ethnic groups and political
  leaders and were willing to allow considerable
  variation from one group or region to another -
  that is, provided that Inca or Aztec sovereignty
  was recognized and tribute paid.
• Both the Aztecs and the Incas found that their
  military power was less effective against nomadic
  peoples who lived on their frontiers.
  Essentially, the empires were created by the
  conquest of sedentary agricultural peoples and
  the extraction of tribute and labor from them.
• At the same time, their ability to survive the
  shock of conquest and to contribute to the
  formation of societies after conquest
  demonstrates much of their strength and
  resiliency. Long after the Aztec and Inca empires
  had ceased to exist, the peoples of the Andes and
  Mexico continue to draw on these cultural
  traditions.

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Comparing The Incas And Aztecs (3)

• There were considerable differences between
  Mesoamerica and the Andean region in terms of
  climate and geography but also in terms of their
  civilizations.
• Trade and markets, for example, were far more
  developed in the Aztec Empire and earlier in
  Mesoamerica in general than in the Andean world.
• There were considerable differences in
  metallurgy, in writing systems, and in social
  definition and hierarchy. But within the context
  of world civilizations, these two empires are
  variations of populations where sedentary
  agriculture is the most important.
• Basic similarities can also be seen in systems of
  belief and cosmology and in social structure.
• But the American Indian civilizations shared much
  with each other, and that factor plus their
  relative isolation from external cultural and
  biological influences gave them their peculiar
  character and ultimately their vulnerability.

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La Conquista Española

• En Noviembre de 1526, Francisco Pizarro encabezó
  desde el sur de Panamá una expedición. Pizarro se
  enteró de la riqueza del Imperio Incaico y
  retornó a España para recaudar dinero y reclutar
  gente para la conquista.
• En 1530 acoderó en la zona costera del Ecuador y
  comenzó su marcha hacia tierra adentro. En 1532
  Pizarro fundó el primer pueblo español en
  territorio Peruano el que llamó San Miguel de
  Piura. En Noviembre de 1532 el alcanzó la ciudad
  de Cajamarca, donde el Inca Atahualpa estaba
  residiendo.
• Pizarro y sus hombres capturaron Atahualpa
  aprovechando de la ventaja de las corazas que sus
  hombres vestían y sobre todo de los caballos que
  eran desconocidos en América, lo que ponían a los
  Españoles en ventaja respecto a altura y
  protección. Después que los hombres de Pizarro
  capturaron a Atahualpa, Pizarro encarceló a
  Atahualpa y pidió un rescate en piezas de oro
  suficiente para llenar el cuarto donde encerraron
  a Atahualpa hasta la marca que el Inca alcanzara
  con su brazo extendido.
• Con la excusa que la gente de Atahualpa estaba
  demorando, Pizarro ordenó la ejecución de
  Atahualpa con la pena del garrote. Los Españoles
  lo condenaron a muerte por herejía.

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