Flagella and Cilia

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Flagella and Cilia

• A. P. Biology
• Chapter 6
• Mr. Knowles
• Liberty Senior High School

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Flagella of Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

• Composed of a flagellin subunit.
• Usually sheathed (covered).
• Rotates by way of a basal body in the bacterial
  cell.
• Unique to bacteria.

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Show me bacterial flagella in action!
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Eukaryotic Flagella

• Completely different than bacteria.
• Circle of 9 fused pairs of microtubules that make
  a cyclinder.
• 2 unfused microtubules in the center of cylinder.
• Called the 9 2 structure.

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EM X-Section of Human Sperm
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Eukaryotic Flagella

• Whip-like appendage, used in movement and longer
  than cilia.
• Is an outward projection of cytoplasm.

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• Flagella beating pattern

Figure 6.23 A
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Eukaryotic Flagellum in Action!
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Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton and Cell Movements
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Cilia

• More numerous than flagella.
• Cilia of unicellular eukaryotes movement of
  cell. Ex. Paramecium

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• Ciliary Motion

15 µm
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Cilia

• Cilia of multicellular eukaryotes movement of
  debris, sensory cells of vertebrate ear,
  epithelia of respiratory and reproductive tracts.
• Have similar microtubule structure of 9 2 as
  eukaryotic flagella.

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Cilia of Paramecium caudatum
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Show me ciliated epithelium!
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• Cilia and flagella share a common ultrastructure

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E M of the Cross-section of a Sperm Tail
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How Do Cilia Move?
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• Protein Dynein
• Is responsible for the bending movement of cilia
  and flagella

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Figure 6.25 B
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Figure 6.25 C
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• Are found in microvilli

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E. M. of Cross-section of Sperm Tail with
Defective Dynein
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What is Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy ?