... Plant Evolution (Common with Algae) Multicellular an

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Seedless Plants
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Plant Evolution
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Plant Evolution

• Nonvascular Seedless plants
• (Ordovician - 475 mya)
• Vascular Seedless plants
• (Devonian - 400 mya)
• Vascular Seed plants
• (Carboniferous - 360 mya)
• Flowering plants
• (Cretaceous - 130 mya)

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Plant Evolution(Common with Algae)

• Multicellular and Eukaryotic
• Cell walls made of Cellulose
• Chlorophyll a and b
• Store excess sugar as starch

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Charophyceans

• Homologous Cell Walls
• Peroxisome enzyme (Photorespiration)
• Homologous Chloroplasts
• Sperm ultrastructure
• Phragmoplasts (Mitosis Cytokinesis)
• Genetic Relationships

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Adaptations to Terrestrial Life

• Apical Meristems
• Multicellular Dependent Embryos
• Alternation of Generation
• Walled Spores produced in Sporangia
• Other Adaptations
• Cuticle, stomata, Xylem Phloem, secondary
  compounds

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Apical Meristems
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Multicellular Dependent Embryos
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Alternation of Generation
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Walled Spores produced in Sporangia
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Other Adaptations
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Adaptations in Shallow Water Algae

• Subjected to occasional drying
• Protection of gametes and embryos in gametangia
• Sporopollenin

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Classification of Seedless Plants

• Nonvascular Seedless plants
• Bryophyta
• Mosses
• Hepatophyta
• Liverworts
• Anthocerophyta
• Hornworts

• Vascular Seedless plants
• Lycophyta
• Club mosses
• Psilophyta
• Whiskferns
• Spenophyta
• Horsetails
• Pterophyta
• Ferns

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Nonvascular Seedless Plants

• Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue)
• no true leaves, roots, stems
• Embryophytes
• gametangia
• (antheridium and archegonium)
• sporangium (produces spores)

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Hepatophyta

• Liverworts
• Two forms
• leafy (80)
• thalloid (20)

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Hepatophyta

• Liverworts
• Reproduction
• asexual (gemmae cups)
• sexual

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Anthocerophyta

• Hornworts
• Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes
• Most closely related to higher plants

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BryophytaMosses
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BryophytaMosses
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Vascular Seedless Plants

• Formation of vascular tissue
• Xylem (water)
• Phloem (food)
• True leaves, roots, and stems
• Lignin
• Sporophyte generation dominate
• Sperm with flagella

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Lycophyta

• Lycophytes
• true leaves
• microphylls
• true stems
• true roots
• sporophylls
• leaves that produce spores

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Psilophyta

• Whisk Ferns
• no true leaves
• no true roots

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Sphenophyta

• Horsetails
• true leaves
• microphylls
• true stems
• silica
• true roots

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Division Pterophyta
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Division Pterophyta
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Fern Life Cycle