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Political Ideologies

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Title: Political Ideologies


1
Political Ideologies
  • Unit 1
  • AP Government and Politics

2
Political Ideology
  • What we believe and why
  • Political Ideology Definitions
  • A comprehensive, integrated set of views about
    government and politics
  • A coherent set of ideas of on how people should
    live together
  • A plan of action for applying these ideas

3
1. Our Ideology Comes from OurPolitical Culture
  • Political Culture is the widely shared beliefs,
    values and norms concerning the relationship of
    citizens to government and to one another.
  • Name some of the beliefs shared by most
    Americans.

4
Did you name these?
  • Liberty
  • Democracy
  • Political Equality
  • Individualism
  • Justice and the Rule of Law
  • Capitalism and Free Enterprise
  • Nationalism, optimism, and idealism
  • The American Dream

5
2. Our Ideology Comes from our Political
Socialization
  • Political Socialization
  • The process by which we are taught and develop
    our individual and collective political beliefs
  • Name some factors that influence our Political
    Socialization

6
Did you name these?
  • Family
  • Peers
  • Race and ethnic differences
  • Religious differences
  • Gender
  • Social and economic differences (SES)
  • Sectional/regional differences
  • Media influences
  • Age
  • Can be linked to Historical events (e.g., Pearl
    Harbor, Vietnam, Watergate, September 11 and War
    on Terror)

7
Basic Ideology Disagreements
  • Is Human Nature
  • Naturally good, cooperative, even perfectible?
  • Inherently flawed, evil, dangerous?
  • Is the Individual more important than the Group?
  • Should we look out for number one?
  • Should we be concerned about our fellow humans?

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Many people Many opinions Many viewpoints
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Overview of PoliticalIdeologies
  • I. Liberalism
  • II. Conservatism
  • III. Socialism
  • IV. Communism
  • V. Fascism
  • VI. Populism
  • VII. Libertarianism

Raphaels The School of Athens
13
The Classic Political Spectrum
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I. Liberalism
  • Classical Liberalism
  • Desire for a free, open, tolerant society
  • Humans as rational and able to recognize and
    promote self-interest
  • Limited role of government.
  • That government is best which governs least.
  • Government was seen as the chief threat to
    liberty.
  • Theory of government to protect property rights.
  • Liberty and equality of opportunity

John Stuart Mill
15
Basic Tenets of Classic Liberalism
  • Social conditions are the result of individual
    choices and actions
  • Societies work best when individuals are free to
    do as they wish without harming or violating
    rights of others

16
Modern Liberalism
  • New Deal helped to expand the role of government
  • Theory of government is to protect peoples
    well-being.
  • Need for a strong central government to smooth
    out the rough edges of capitalism.
  • Corporations seen as the chief threat to liberty.
  • Government role is to provide opportunity for all
    citizens
  • Favor using government to
  • Reduce economic inequalities
  • Champion the rights of the disadvantaged
  • Tolerate a more diverse range of social behaviors
  • Finance social welfare programs with higher taxes
    on the rich

17
The New (?) Left
  • Neo-liberals
  • Late 20th century and 21st century
  • Believe that government certainly has some role
    to play, but not as big a role as desired by New
    Deal liberals.
  • Need to get back to more individualism and less
    reliance on big government.
  • Discrediting of liberalism in 1980s and 1990s
  • A feeling that liberalism has gone too far.
  • Less likely to rely upon government as a solution
    to problems.

18
Neoliberalism
  • To help accomplish this, neoliberalism requires
    the removal of various controls deemed as
    barriers to free trade, such as
  • Tariffs
  • Regulations
  • Certain standards, laws, legislation and
    regulatory measures
  • Restrictions on capital flows and investment

19
Neoliberalism
  • Neoliberalism in theory, is essentially about
    making trade between nations easier.
  • Neoliberal states guarantee, by force if
    necessary, the "proper functioning" of markets
    where markets do not exist (for example, in the
    use of land, water, education, health care,
    social security, or environmental pollution),
    then the state should create them.
  • It is about freer movement of goods, resources
    and enterprises in a bid to always find cheaper
    resources, to maximize profits and efficiency.

20
II. Classic Conservatism
  • Learn from the past
  • Custom and tradition as latent wisdom
  • Look to the past??
  • Freedom and order
  • Focused on conserving existing social order
  • Organic or unrefined view of society
  • Belief in human imperfection
  • Acceptance of inequality

Edmund Burke
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Modern Conservatives
  • Generally
  • distrust government
  • have greater faith in private enterprise and
    free markets
  • BUTthey are willing to use government to enforce
    traditional moral standards.
  • They favor a larger military and a more assertive
    pursuit of national self-interest.
  • Also advocate lower taxes to stimulate growth and
    to restrict the governments capacity to finance
    social welfare programs.

22
Modern Conservatism
  • Reversal of the liberal trend of the 1930s to
    look to government as the solution to our
    problems.
  • Emphasis today on the private sector to solve
    problems.
  • Resurgence since late 70s  
  • Strength in the formerly solid South.
  • Reagan/Bush/GHW Bush
  • Republican control of the Senate 1980-86,
    1994-2000, and 2002-2006.
  • Republican Congresses 104th, 105th, 106th, 108th,
    109th, 112th House

23
The Extreme New Right
  • More extreme conservatives
  • Sometimes called Neo-Conservatives and the New
    Right
  • John Birch Society
  • Three types of Neo-Cons
  • Foreign policy neo-conservatives
  • Social policy neo-conservatives
  • Economic neo-conservatives

24
Neo Conservatives
  • Foreign policy neo-conservatives
  • Isolationists who want to defend the national
    interest and are wary of any New World Order,
    and are wary of international organizations like
    the
  • United Nations
  • World Trade Organization
  • International Monetary Fund
  • World Bank
  • NAFTA
  • Social policy neo-conservatives
  • Emphasize social issues like prayer in school,
    anti-abortion, anti-homosexuality.
  • Sometimes known as the Religious Right.
  • Economic neo-conservatives
  • Want to unleash market forces to attack various
    ills in society.
  • If we just cut taxes and free up the free
    enterprise system everything will improve.

25
The Far Left AND Far Right
  • U.S. neo-conservatives, with their commitment to
    high military spending and the global assertion
    of national values, tend to be more authoritarian
    than hard right.
  • By contrast, neo-liberals, opposed to such moral
    leadership and, more especially, the ensuing
    demands on the tax payer, belong to a further
    right but less authoritarian region.
  • Paradoxically, the "free market", in neo-con
    parlance, also allows for the large-scale subsidy
    of the military-industrial complex, a
    considerable degree of corporate welfare, and
    protectionism when deemed in the national
    interest.
  • These are viewed by neo-libs as impediments to
    the unfettered market forces that they champion.
  • -About the Political
    Compass, January 6, 2004

26
III. Socialism
  • The means of production are owned and controlled
    by all of society.
  • Belief that Economic Equality creates True
    Equality
  • System in which means of production,
    distribution, and exchange are controlled by
    government.
  • Strong impact upon Western Europe.
  • Many Americans associate it with radicalism
  • Americans have a strong belief in individualism
  • Is this the Welfare State or the Perfect Society?

27
Socialism
  • How society should be run exactly and how it
    should be implemented or achieved is a matter of
    controversy
  • Marxism and communism are both branches of
    socialism.
  • In Marxist theory, it also refers to the society
    that would succeed or supplant capitalism, and
    would later develop further into communism, as
    the necessity for the socialist structure would
    wither away
  • Robert Owen
  • British capitalist turned socialist who
  • Founded socialist colony in New Harmony, IN

28
IV. Communism
  • Communism refers to a conjectured, future,
    classless, stateless, social organization based
    upon common ownership of the means of production
  • The establishment of communism is viewed as the
    culmination of the class struggle between the
    capitalist class (the owners of capital) and the
    working class.

29
Karl Marx Theory
  • Marxs Theory of Historical Progression
  • The communist society Marx envisioned emerging
    from capitalism has never been implemented
  • It remains theoretical

30
V. Fascism
  • Belief that society should triumph over the
    individual
  • Characteristics of Fascism
  • Hypernationalism/Racism
  • Nation/People as determining identity
  • Elitism
  • Rejection of Democracy
  • Militarism
  • Mussolini Slogan
  • credere, obbediere, combattere
  • (Believe, obey, fight)

31
VI. Populism
  • The average Joe or Jane
  • Can be traced back to politicians trying to
    connecting to the common people
  • Todays Populism
  • Conservative on social issues
  • Strong on family issues and a slower pace
  • Pro-Life issues and Prayer in school
  • Liberal on economic issues
  • Watch out for the little guy and his wages
  • Stand up to corporate America
  • Corporations should be monitored and closely
    watched
  • Government regulations are necessary

32
VII. Libertarianism
  • Extreme emphasis on individual liberty.
  • Extreme cutback on role of government.
  • Look to Constitution and Bill of Rights
  • Liberal on social issues
  • Government should not be involved in social
    issues
  • No drug laws
  • Butsome pro-choice some pro-life
  • Conservative on economic issues
  • They essentially believe that government should
    only defend the nation.
  • Lower taxes
  • No public education
  • No need for much of bureaucracy

33
Americans IdeologicalDistributions
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The Another Political Spectrum
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And Another...
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The Yet Another Political Spectrum
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And a Final Political Spectrum
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Where do YOU Belong on the Political Spectrum???
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