Lockout - Tagout Render ALL hazardous equipment related t

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Confined Space Entry
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Confined Space
(1) Large enough for an employee to bodily enter
and perform work AND (2) Has limited or
restricted entry or exit AND (3) Is not designed
for continuous employee occupancy
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Permit Required Confined Space
A confined space that (1) contains or has a
potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
OR (2) has the potential for engulfment OR (3)
Has an internal configuration that could trap or
asphyxiate OR (4) Contains any other recognized
serious safety or health hazard
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Confined Space Question

• Why are we entering this space?

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Limited Or Restricted Entry

• Any space where an occupant
• Must crawl, climb, twist
• Be constrained in a narrow opening
• Follow a lengthy path
• Exert unusual effort to enter or leave
• May become trapped
• Entrance may become sealed or secured against
  opening from inside

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Confined Spaces
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Hazardous Atmosphere

• Potential exposure to
• Risk of death
• Incapacitation
• Impairment of ability to self-rescue
• Injury
• Acute illness
• If none of the above
• Does not apply to this standard

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Reclassify

• Reclassify to a non-permit space if
• All potential for a hazardous atmosphere is
  eliminated AND
• All other hazards and potential hazards are
  eliminated/controlled

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Air Oxygen

• Air and oxygen are NOT synonymous.
• Air contains
• 20.9 oxygen
• 78.1 nitrogen
• 1 argon
• Trace amounts of other gases

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Hazardous Atmosphere

• Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10
  percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL)
• Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that
  meets or exceeds its LFL
• Or visibility 5 or less

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Hazardous Atmosphere

• Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5
  percent or above 23.5 percent
• Atmospheric concentration of any toxic substance
  for which a dose or a permissible exposure limit
  is published
• Any other atmospheric condition that is
  IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH. (IDLH)

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Delayed Threat

• Cadmium vapor and hydrogen fluoride
• May seem ok immediate symptoms go away
• Fatal 12 to 72 hours later

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Conditions That Can Cause Oxygen Deficiency

• Adsorption by porous surfaces
• Activated charcoal
• Consumed by chemical reactions
• Rusting
• Fermentation
• Displaced
• Inert gasses
• Argon
• CO2
• Nitrogen

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Conditions That Can Cause Oxygen Enrichment

• Poorly designed or malfunctioning O2 storage or
  dispensing equipment
• Leaks from oxy-acetylene welding or cutting
  equipment
• Couplings, fittings hoses
• Ventilating with pure oxygen

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Flammable Atmospheres

• Vapor burns, not liquid
• Flammability based on
• Amount of vapor
• Temperature

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Tank Residue

• Explosions often caused by residue in empty
  tanks or spaces

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Residue In Tanks 99 Empty
TANK SIZE (GALLONS) 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10
,000 5,000 2,500 1,000
RESIDUE (GALLONS) 500 400 300 200 100 50 25 10
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Upper Lower Flammable Limits
AIR
100
0
EXPLOSIVE RANGE
LEAN
RICH
0
100
GAS
LEL
UEL
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Flammable Atmosphere Propane
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Flammable Atmospheres
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Ignition Sources

• Open flame
• Electrical arcing
• Hot surfaces
• Light bulbs
• Static electricity
• Frictional sparks
• Chemical reactions

230o C
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Control Of Ignition Sources

• Non-sparking tools
• Approved electrical equipment
• Purged pressurized equipment
• Intrinsically safe equipment
• Explosion proof equipment
• Vessel inerting

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Control Of Ignition Sources Hot Work Precautions

• Hot work permits
• Welding cutting precautions
• Control of torches control valves
• Hoses regulators
• In good condition
• Inspected
• Minimal tape
• Fire prevention protection

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Toxic Atmospheres

• TOXIC
• Harmful, destructive
• Deadly
• Poisonous
• (THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY)

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Sources of Toxic Atmospheres

• Products stored in space
• Work being performed in space
• Painting, cleaning degreasing
• Welding, cutting brazing
• Adjacent areas
• Toxins enter accumulate
• Leaching
• Chemicals dumped into sewers, streams

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Toxic Gasses

• Irritant Gas
• Serious effects may be delayed
• Examples
• Ammonia, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ozone,
  nitrogen dioxide
• Asphyxiate Gas
• Smothers due to lack of oxygen
• Two classes
• Simple asphyxiates
• Chemical asphyxiates

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Simple Asphyxiates

• Displaces oxygen
• Acetylene
• Argon
• Ethane
• Ethylene
• Helium

• Hydrogen
• LP gas
• Methane
• Neon
• Nitrogen

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Chemical Asphyxiates

• Cause asphyxiation through biochemical reaction
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen cyanide

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Engulfment

• "The surrounding and effective capture of a
  person" by
• A liquid

OR

• Finely divided (flowable) solid

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Engulfment

• Quicksand effect
• Material drawn from bottom
• Bridges created by air pockets

Air Pocket
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Mechanical Hazards

• Manually isolate each piece of equipment
• Prevent vapor leaks, flashbacks, etc.
• All pipes must be physically disconnected or
  isolation blanks bolted in place
• Closing valves not sufficient
• Inspect test for leakage
• Also consider steam valves, pressure lines,
  chemical transfer pipes

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Lockout - Tagout

• Render ALL hazardous equipment related to space
  inoperable
• Including accidental startup by others

Refer to Lockout/Tagout Standard 1910.147
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Control, Isolation Methods

• Lockout/tagout
• Purging
• Block bleed
• Inerting
• Ventilating
• Flushing

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Noise

• Noise usually intensified in spaces
• Exposure may be higher than in open environment
• May disrupt verbal communication
• Especially with attendant

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Air Testing Instruments

• Many different kinds of instruments
• Results not instantaneous
• Delay for portable instruments 30-60 seconds
• Assure properly calibrated
• Proper care maintenance
• Per manufacturer

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Air Testing Instruments

• Understand use limitations
• Accuracy may be /- 2, 5
• May be affected by extremes of temperature
• May be affected by rich CO2 atmosphere
• May only operate properly within certain
  temperatures and relative humidity

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Air Testing

• Test in order
• Oxygen
• Flammables
• Toxins
• Test at various levels
• Test various places
• Continuously monitor
• Test around cover before opening

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Air Testing
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Alarm Devices

• Alarm only" devices which do not provide
  readings are not acceptable
• For initial (pre-entry) or
• Periodic (assurance) testing
• Not enough information to establish acceptable
  entry conditions
• Combination units may be acceptable
• Benefit of automatic alarming at predetermined
  value.

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Ventilation Equipment

• Wide variety of types of ventilation equipment
• Size portability
• Air volume capabilities
• Power sources

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Ventilation Only Entry

• Required
• Demonstrate only hazard is actual or potential
  hazardous atmosphere
• Demonstrate continuous forced air ventilation
  alone is sufficient to maintain safe entry
• Develop monitoring and inspection data to support
  these demonstrations

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Hazard Control Hierarchy

• Eliminate hazard
• Engineering controls
• Process modification
• Substitute less hazardous
• Materials
• Methods
• Techniques
• Personal protective equipment

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Personal Protective Equipment

• Proper fit
• Cleaning maintenance
• Replacement
• Proper use
• Will not interfere with movement within space
• Employee training

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Respiratory Protection

• Vast selection
• Types, styles
• Limitations
• Specific uses
• Have selection made by qualified person

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Permit-required SpacesGeneral Requirements

• Evaluate
• Identify all confined spaces
• Evaluate to determine if any spaces are permit
  required confined spaces.

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Permit-required SpacesGeneral Requirements

• Notify employees of
• Existence
• Location and
• Danger
• Post signs

There, and there, and over there...
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Permit-required SpacesGeneral Requirements

• If employees will enter permit spaces
• Develop implement a written permit space program

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Written Program

• Ensure that EVERY confined space is
• Evaluated as a possible permit space
• Reevaluated when its uses or surroundings change.

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Entry
IS CONSIDERED TO HAVE OCCURRED AS SOON AS ANY
PART OF THE ENTRANT'S BODY BREAKS THE PLANE OF AN
OPENING INTO THE SPACE
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Permit Required Confined Space Entry Team

• Entrant
• Attendant
• Entry supervisor
• Rescuers

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Rescuers

• 60 OF CONFINED SPACE VICTIMS ARE WOULD BE
  RESCUERS (NIOSH STUDY)

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Dial 911 - ?

• Must be informed of hazards
• Must have access to all permit spaces
• Must be trained
• Should be available
• Make arrangements BEFORE need arises

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Non-entry Rescue

• Use non-entry rescue whenever possible
• Use retrieval systems or methods whenever an
  entrant enters a permit space
• Unless the retrieval equipment would increase the
  overall risk of entry or would not contribute to
  the rescue of the entrant

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Non-entry Rescue

• A mechanical device must be available for rescue
  for vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet
  deep.

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Entry Permit

• Actual document
• Contains specific required information about
  entry
• Provides history of entry
• Retain for at least 1 year

Enter space 12
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QUESTIONS
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SANDRA A. MIHALIK Safety Health
Specialist Montana Safety Health
Bureau 406.444.6418 e-mail smihalik_at_mt.gov