Ancient Rome

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Ancient Rome

• 509 BC - 500 AD

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Geography of Italy

• Shaped like a boot kicks the island of Sicily
• Northern Italy- Alp mountains ( Europes highest
  mountain range)
• Apennine Mountains
  Backbone mountains that run though Italy
• Latium Plain to Rome ( Capital of Italy)
• Tiber River- runs through the Latium Plain

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• Agriculture- grow wheat, beans, cabbage, lettuce,
  figs, olives, and grapes
• Climate warm dry summers and mild rainy
  winters- very similar to Southern California

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Why here?
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Romes birth
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• Perhaps Roman History began in 800 BC- after
  Aeneas fled Troy with his followers after the
  Trojan War- his story is recounted in the Aeneid
  by Virgil
• Formed an alliance with the Latins who already
  lived there- took over Italy
• Rome named after Romulus First king of Rome (
  who killed brother Remus) around 753 BC

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The Aeneid
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Seven Kings

• Historical records indicate there were 7 kings
  who ruled Rome- but not all were Romans- some
  were Etruscans
• These kings built huge temples, Romes first
  sewer system, introduced columns, perhaps the
  alphabet and numbers as well!
• The last king was evil- killed people for fun?
  His nobles rose up against him and created a new
  Government in 509 BC

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Early kings
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Government

• Called a Republic- choose leaders but they only
  stayed in power for 1 year ( dont get too
  powerful), didnt work since most officials came
  from a small group of rich folk. Republic means
  public things.
• Shortly after and for 50 years Rome was at war
  with others- chose Dictators to rule for 6 months
  during this time
• Cincinnatus- a farmer who was a dictator because
  he was so loyal to Rome- won the battle and
  resigned

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Cinci
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Citizens

• 2 Groups of citizens
• Plebeians- common men who farmed
  and traded- worked for Patricians- majority of
  population-gained right to be in govt.
• Patricians- nobles, owned large
  farms- minority of pop,-once controlled govt.

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• Consuls- Two men, Army commanders, most powerful
  judges, proposed new laws- could be vetoed
  (Magistrates)
• Senate- most powerful branch, controls money,
  diplomatic actions with other countries - held
  office for life- many magistrates became
  senators-up to 300 senators
• Tribunes- leaders of citizen assemblies- gained
  rights for all citizens-protected commoners
• Assemblies-pats and plebes-elected Mags
• Tribunes-plebes- VETO powers
• Representative- some who acts for someone else

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Government continued

• Feeling of Civic Duty was strong for all men but
  the four groups uneven- POWER uneven
• For many years the laws unwritten- only Pats knew
  what they were- Plebes treated unfairly
• Came up with a system of checks and balances
• Also came up with a collection of Roman Laws
  posted in the Forum called Twelve Tables
• Ex if couldnt pay debts became a slave, Plebe
  couldnt marry a Pat

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Government
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Forum

• Much like the Greek Agora
• Heart of the city
• Place for official meetings as well as hanging
  out, shopping, and some gladiator fights
• Found in between two of Romes 7 Hills-Palatine (
  where the richest people lived) and Capitoline
  where the grandest temples were

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Daily Life
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Roman Expansion

• Trade all over the Med. Sea was going well- made
  coins out of copper and silver-helped to make
  Rome a powerful place- this threatened others!!
• 387 BC- Gauls took over Rome- paid them gold to
  leave
• Organized armies into legions (6,000 soldiers)
  and into centuries ( 100 soldiers)

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Punic Wars

• 264 BC- Romans landed on Sicily- began a conflict
  with Carthage ( Phonecia) known as Punic Wars
• Carthage sent troops to Sicily- so did Rome- went
  on 3 times for 20 years!
• Lasted until 241 BC- Rome seized control. plus
  wanted MORE!!!!!
• In 218 BC Carthage tried to attack Rome itself.

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Still expanding

• 218 BC- Hannibal ( 29 year old whose father
  Hamilcar led first siege against Rome) was on a
  mission- wanted to capture Rome- and ALMOST did
• Attacked by land ( instead of sea) with
  elephants, 90,000men, and a sneaky plan. Won
  lots of battles but could not win Rome from
  Scipio ( 25 year old) who defeated Hanibal at
  Zama
• 140s BC- Rome is worried about Carthage again-
  so sends and army in- defeats them, burns the
  city, kills most, sends the rest to slavery,
  takes control of Northern Africa

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• Rome became MOST powerful nation
• Controlled Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North
  Africa
• 120s- parts of Gaul (France), Greece, Asia
• Very Influenced by Greek literature, art,
  philosophy, religion, and education

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Punic Wars
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MeanwhileIssues at Home

• Long lasting wars messed with Republic at home
• Pats and Plebes struggled for control
• Slaves revolted- shock right????
• Generals had to use Army to take control back

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Slaves Revolt
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Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

• 133 BC- Tiberius- created farms for Plebes on
  public lands that Pats had illegally taken over-
  public liked it- Pats didnt so they killed him!
• Gaius tried to sell food at a cheap cost for
  plebes- again angering pats- so they killed him
  too!

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Tiberius
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How to gain power

• 107 BC Gaius Marius encouraged poor people ( who
  had not been allowed to before) to join the army.
• He was a great leader and people pledged more
  allegiance to him than to Rome- uh-oh!
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla- who originally worked
  under Marius was a consul- did not like this
  allegiance- began a civil conflict ended up
  becoming a dictator and punished his enemies

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Sulla
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I am Spartacus!!!!

• Led thousands of slaves in a revolt and DEMANDED
  freedom!!!!
• Took over much of southern Italy- but was killed
  and his revolt fell apart..
• The Romans executed 6,000 rebellious slaves as an
  example to others

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Cicero

• A philosopher and orator
• Called on upperclass to limit the power of
  generals so that Rome could work together-
  restore checks and balances\
• Rulers not interested in this b/c it would limit
  their power

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Cicero
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Roman Empire 100 BC - 14 AD

• Julius Caesar- Pat- 59 BC elected Consul had an
  alliance with Pompey and Crassus (Romes 2 other
  powerful men)
• 58-50 BC general of Gaul ( France) Once he
  defeated Gaul- people were jealous so he created
  a rebel army to lead a civil war and take control
  of Rome

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• Joined up with Cleopatra ( 21, Egypt) to help her
  defeat her brother pharaoh then in 45 BC she
  helped him take control of Rome
• Became dictator of Rome- rules with absolute
  power (dictatorship) for life!
• Brought much good change to Rome- people still
  resented him though.

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Caesar brings change

• Created calendar
• Named July
• Gave land to soldiers
• Free grain to poor citizens
• Increased Senate
• Citizenship to non Romans

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Ides of March

• Because he was a dictator- aggravated MANY
  people- losing traditions of govt.
• A friend warned him to beware of the IDES (15th)
  of March
• Went to work as usual that day in 44BC- enemy was
  waiting and stabbed him to death- saved from
  dictatorship

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Caesar
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Step up to the plate

• After his death his assistant- Marc Antony and
  his adopted son/cousin Octavian seek to avenge
  his killers!!! Chased them to N. Greece where
  one was killed the other took his own life.
• Once back in Rome Antony married Octavians
  sister, Octavia but divorced her 8 years later to
  marry Cleopatra.
• This caused a civil war- 31BC- they fought, Tony
  was defeated- fled back to Egypt - he and Cleo
  took their own lives as not to be captured by Doc
  Oc

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Octavian Augustus ruled 27 BC-14 AD

• For 14 years Rome had no leader
• Eventually his 18 year old grand nephew/adopted
  son, Octavian regained dictatorship
• Gave up his power in the Senate
• Called himself Princeps ( first citizen)
• Called himself Augustus- Honored/revered one

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Dictator for life
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Republic ends- Empire Begins Brought on Pax
Romana- Roman Peace

• Established
• Roads all over empire
• Buildings
• Aqueducts (waterways)
• One system
• Police and fire protection

• Census ( people count)
• Safe travel
• Entertainment (Gladiators)
• Colosseum
• Pantheon (temple)
• Domes/Arches
• (architecture)

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Pax Romana
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(No Transcript)
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Gladiators
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Pompeii

• Mount Vesuvius blew its top in 79AD- perfectly
  preserving people and artifacts-in 13 feet of ash
  that hardened- so we know what life was like back
  then

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Christianity

• Jews believe in a Messiah ( a special leader sent
  by God in order to set up His rule on Earth)
  means anointed one
• Messiah in GreekChristosChrist
• Believe Jesus was Christos- people who followed
  his teachings became Christians

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Jesus Christ continued

• Jesus used parables (stories) to help people in
• 1. seek right path in life
• 2. finding Gods love and greatness
• 3. loving others
• All of these are described in
• the New Testament
• 12 original followers-
• apostles

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Tie into Ancient Rome

• Many powerful Romans feared that Jesus wanted to
  be king ( he didnt) many were hostile towards
  Jews
• A governor ordered him to be nailed to and hung
  by a cross until death- crucifixion

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Hadrians Wall
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Christianity begins

• After Jesus death followers set up secret
  Christian Churches- and eventually converted
  powerful people from polytheism/emperor worship
  to Christianity and eventually it was accepted
  not feared
• Peter and Paul set up church structures
• Peter first bishop then Pope( leader) of Roman
  Catholic Church

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The Split

• 284 AD Diocletian (emperor) divided Rome into
  two to try and regain control- he ruled from the
  East ( Rome no longer ruling)

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The Reunion

• 306 AD Constantine reunited empire
• Ruled from East ( Byzantinium) (Constantinople) (
  Istanbul) became capital of empire
• Surrounded on 3 sides by water
• Easy to protect
• On a major trade route
• Far from Rome INDEPENDENCE
• C granted freedom to Christians, built churches

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Istanbul or Constantinople
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Goths

• 200s AD The Huns from Central Asia invaded all
  of Europe. One group they terrorized were the
  Goths ( Ostrogoths and Visigoths) ! Who fled into
  Roman Territory!
• Rome did not want them there- Eastern Rome was
  successful but Western Rome was not so lucky!
• 410 Visos marched into Rome and destroyed the
  city.

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Huns

• This led the Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Jutes and
  Franks to invade the west as well.
• In the east Attila led the Huns
• Military leaders took all power from emperors-
  and then had conflicts amongst themselves.

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Romans, Huns, and Horses
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Decline of Rome

• 100 AD -Pax Romana ends and armies from Northern
  Europe invade
• Rome was too big to control
• Couldnt communicate quickly
• Couldnt collect taxes
• Army became weak
• Raids destroyed cities and farmlands
• Put up walls to protect themselves ( isolated)

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The Fall

• Rome FELL in 476 AD
• For the next 1,000 years Byzantine Empire ruled-
  had more Greek influences than Roman
• Established Eastern Orthodox Church- similar to
  Catholic but not as strict Christianity remains
  VERY important!

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Beginning of the end
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Justinian

• Ruled from 527-565 AD he and his wife Theodora
  worked to reunite the Roman Empire
• 532 an uprising caused him to think about
  abandoning Constantine Theo encouraged him to
  stay and fight and WIN!!!
• after his death the decline of the empire began
  until finally in 1453 the Ottomans take over

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Justin saves the day
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Romes Legacies

• Government-
• Republic
• 3 Branches
• Senate
• Veto

• Language-
• Latin comes from Latium Plain
• Romance Languages

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Legacies

• Alphabet/Numbers
• Roman Numerals
• Religion
• Christianity
• Catholic
• Eastern Orthodox

• Architecture
• Buildings
• Domes
• Arches
• Roads
• Aqueducts
• columns

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Commonalities of Govt.