Christianity

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Christianity
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• Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered
  on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented
  in the New Testament.
• Adherents of Christianity, known as Christians,
  believe that Jesus is the only begotten Son of
  God and the Messiah (Christ) prophesied in the
  Hebrew Bible (the part of scripture common to
  Christianity and Judaism).
• Christian theology claims that Jesus Christ is a
  teacher, the model of a virtuous life, the
  revealer of God, as well as an incarnation of
  God, and most importantly the savior of humanity
  who suffered, died, and was resurrected to bring
  about salvation from sin.
• Christians maintain that Jesus ascended into
  heaven, and most denominations teach that Jesus
  will return to judge the living and the dead,
  granting everlasting life to his followers.
  Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the
  Gospel ("good news") and hence label the earliest
  written accounts of his ministry as gospels.

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• Christianity is classified as an Abrahamic
  religion.
• Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the
  eastern Mediterranean, quickly grew in size and
  influence over a few decades, and by the 4th
  century had become the dominant religion within
  the Roman Empire.
• During the Middle Ages, most of the remainder of
  Europe was christianized, with Christians also
  being a (sometimes large) religious minority in
  the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of
  India. Following the Age of Discovery, through
  missionary work and colonization, Christianity
  spread to the Americas and the rest of the world.
• Christianity has played a prominent role in the
  shaping of Western civilization at least since
  the 4th century. As of the early 21st century,
  Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1
  billion adherents, representing about a quarter
  to a third of the worlds population.

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1. Beliefs

• In spite of important differences of
  interpretation and opinion, Christians share a
  set of beliefs that they hold as essential to
  their faith.

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1.1 Creeds

• Creeds (from Latin credo meaning "I believe") are
  concise doctrinal statements or confessions,
  usually of religious beliefs.
• They began as baptismal formulas and were later
  expanded during the Christological controversies
  of the fourth and fifth centuries to become
  statements of faith.

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The Apostles Creed

• The Apostles Creed (Symbolum Apostolorum) was
  developed between the second and ninth centuries.
  
• It is the most popular creed used in worship by
  Western Christians.
• Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity
  and God the Creator. Each of the doctrines found
  in this creed can be traced to statements current
  in the apostolic period.
• i. belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the
  Son of God and the Holy Spirit
• ii. the death, descent into hell, resurrection,
  and ascension of Christ
• iii. the holiness of the Church and the communion
  of saints
• iv. Christs second coming, the Day of Judgement
  and salvation of the faithful.

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• The Nicene Creed, largely a response to Arianism,
  was formulated at the Councils of Nicaea and
  Constantinople in 325 and 381 respectively and
  ratified as the universal creed of Christendom by
  the Council of Ephesus in 431.
• The Chalcedonian Creed, developed at the Council
  of Chalcedon in 451, though rejected by the
  Oriental Orthodox Churches, taught Christ "to be
  acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly,
  unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably" one
  divine and one human, and that both natures are
  perfect but are nevertheless perfectly united
  into one person.
• The Athanasian Creed, received in the western
  Church as having the same status as the Nicene
  and Chalcedonian, says We worship one God in
  Trinity, and Trinity in Unity neither
  confounding the Persons nor dividing the
  Substance.

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• Most Christians (Roman Catholics, Orthodox and
  Protestants alike) accept the use of creeds, and
  subscribe to at least one of the creeds mentioned
  above. A minority of Protestants, notably
  Restorationists, a movement formed in the wake of
  the Second Great Awakening in the 19th century
  United States, oppose the use of creeds.

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1.2 Jesus Christ
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• The central tenet of Christianity is the belief
  in Jesus as the Son of God and the Messiah
  (Christ).
• A depiction of Jesus as a child with his mother,
  Mary, the Theotokos of Vladimir (12th century).
• Christians believe that, as the Messiah, Jesus
  was anointed by God as ruler and savior of
  humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the
  fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old
  Testament.
• The core Christian belief is that, through the
  death and resurrection of Jesus, sinful humans
  can be reconciled to God and thereby are offered
  salvation and the promise of eternal life.

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• Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the
  pains and temptations of a mortal man, yet he did
  not sin. As fully God, he defeated death and rose
  to life again.
• According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke,
  Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born
  from the Virgin Mary.

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1.3 Death and Resurrection of Jesus

• Christians consider the resurrection of Jesus to
  be the cornerstone of their faith and the most
  important event in human history.
• Among Christian beliefs, the death and
  resurrection of Jesus are two core events on
  which much of Christian doctrine and theology is
  based.

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• The death and resurrection of Jesus are usually
  considered the most important events in Christian
  Theology, partly because they demonstrate that
  Jesus has power over life and death and therefore
  has the authority and power to give people
  eternal life.

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1.4 Salvation

• Protestantism teaches that eternal salvation is a
  gift that comes to an individual by Gods grace,
  sometimes defined as "unmerited favor", on the
  basis of ones personal belief in and dependence
  on the substitutionary death and resurrection of
  Jesus Christ.
• It is the belief that one can be saved (rescued)
  from sin and eternal death.
• Other concepts used in the study of how salvation
  is accomplished include conversion, faith,
  justification, regeneration, and others.

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• The crucifixion of Jesus is explained as an
  atoning sacrifice, which, in the words of the
  Gospel of John, "takes away the sins of the
  world." Ones reception of salvation is related
  to justification.
• The operation and effects of grace are understood
  differently by different traditions.

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1.5 Trinity

• Trinity refers to the teaching that the one God
  comprises three distinct, eternally co-existing
  persons the Father (from whom the Son and Spirit
  proceed), the Son (incarnate in Jesus Christ),
  and the Holy Spirit.
• Together, these three persons are sometimes
  called the Godhead, although there is no single
  term in use in Scripture to denote the unified
  Godhead.

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1.5.1 Trinitarians

• Trinitarianism denotes those Christians who
  believe in the concept of the Trinity. Trinity is
  defined as one God in three Persons.

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1.5.2 Non-trinitarians

• Nontrinitarianism refers to beliefs systems that
  reject the doctrine of the Trinity.
• Various nontrinitarian views, such as adoptionism
  or modalism, existed in early Christianity,
  leading to the disputes about Christology.
• Nontrinitarianism later appeared again in the
  Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through
  13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of
  the 18th century, and in Restorationism during
  the 19th century. Non-Trinitarians often believe
  in Jesus as the Son of God, and not the same as
  God.

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1.6 Scriptures

• Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of
  canonical books in two parts (the Old Testament
  and the New Testament), as authoritative.
• The Bible always includes books of the Jewish
  scriptures, the Tanakh, and includes additional
  books and reorganizes them into two parts the
  books of the Old Testament primarily sourced from
  the Tanakh (with some variations), and the 27
  books of the New Testament containing books
  originally written primarily in Greek.
• The Roman Catholic and Orthodox canons include
  other books from the Septuagint which Roman
  Catholics call Deuterocanonical. Protestants
  consider these books apocryphal.

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1.6.1 Roman Catholic Interpretation

• In antiquity, two schools of exegesis developed
  in Alexandria and Antioch. Alexandrine
  interpretation, exemplified by Origen, tended to
  read Scripture allegorically, while Antiochene
  interpretation adhered to the literal sense,
  holding that other meanings (called theoria)
  could only be accepted if based on the literal
  meaning.
• Roman Catholic theology distinguishes two senses
  of scripture the literal and the spiritual.

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1.6.2 Protestant Interpretation

• Protestant Christians believe that the Bible is a
  self-sufficient revelation, the final authority
  on all Christian doctrine, and revealed all truth
  necessary for salvation.
• Protestants characteristically believe that
  ordinary believers may reach an adequate
  understanding of Scripture because Scripture
  itself is clear (or "perspicuous"), because of
  the help of the Holy Spirit, or both.

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Original intended meaning

• Protestants stress the meaning conveyed by the
  words of Scripture, the historical-grammatical
  method.

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1.7 Afterlife and Eschaton

• Most Christians believe that human beings
  experience divine judgement and are rewarded
  either with eternal life or eternal damnation.
• This includes the general judgement at the
  Resurrection of the dead as well as the belief
  (held by Catholics, Orthodox and some
  Protestants) in a judgement particular to the
  individual soul upon physical death.

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2. Worship
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• Christians assemble for communal worship on
  Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other
  liturgical practices often occur outside this
  setting.
• Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New
  Testaments, but especially the Gospels.
• There are a variety of congregational prayers,
  including thanksgiving, confession, and
  intercession, which occur throughout the service
  and take a variety of forms including recited,
  responsive, silent, or sung.

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• Worship can be varied for special events like
  baptisms or weddings in the service or
  significant feast days.
• In the early church Christians and those yet to
  complete initiation would separate for the
  Eucharistic part of the worship.
• In many churches today, adults and children will
  separate for all or some of the service to
  receive age-appropriate teaching. Such childrens
  worship is often called Sunday school or Sabbath
  school (Sunday schools are often held before
  rather than during services).

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2.1 Sacraments

• In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is
  a rite, instituted by Christ, that mediates
  grace, constituting a sacred mystery.
• The most conventional functional definition of a
  sacrament is that it is an outward sign,
  instituted by Christ, that conveys an inward,
  spiritual grace through Christ. The two most
  widely accepted sacraments are Baptism and the
  Eucharist.

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2.2 Liturgical Calendar

• Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Eastern Christians,
  and traditional Protestant communities frame
  worship around a liturgical calendar.
• Christian groups that do not follow a liturgical
  tradition often retain certain celebrations, such
  as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost. A few
  churches make no use of a liturgical calendar.

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2.3 Symbols

• The cross, which is today one of the most widely
  recognised symbols in the world, was used as a
  Christian symbol from the earliest times.
• Among the symbols employed by the primitive
  Christians, that of the fish seems to have ranked
  first in importance.

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• Christians from the very beginning adorned their
  tombs with paintings of Christ, of the saints, of
  scenes from the Bible and allegorical groups.
• The catacombs are the cradle of all Christian
  art.
• Other major Christian symbols include the chi-rho
  monogram, the dove (symbolic of the Holy Spirit),
  the sacrificial lamb (symbolic of Christs
  sacrifice), the vine (symbolising the necessary
  connectedness of the Christian with Christ) and
  many others.

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3. History and origins

• 3.1 Early Church and Christological Councils
• Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the
  eastern Mediterranean in the mid-first century.
• From the beginning, Christians were subject to
  persecution. This involved punishments, including
  death, for Christians such as Stephen and James,
  son of Zebedee.
• Christianity was legalized in the 4th century.
  From at least the 4th century, Christianity has
  played a prominent role in the shaping of Western
  civilization.

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3.2 Early Middle Ages

• The church also entered into a long period of
  missionary activity and expansion among the
  former barbarian tribes. Catholicism spread among
  the Germanic peoples (initially in competition
  with Arianism), the Celtic and Slavic peoples,
  the Hungarians and the Scandinavian and Baltic
  peoples.
• Around 500, monasticism became a powerful force
  throughout Europe, and gave rise to many early
  centers of learning, most famously in Ireland,
  Scotland and Gaul, contributing to the
  Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century.
• From the 7th century onwards, Islam conquered the
  Christian lands of the Middle East, North Africa
  and much of Spain, resulting in oppression of
  Christianity and numerous military struggles,
  including the Crusades, the Spanish Reconquista
  and wars against the Turks.
• The Middle Ages brought about major changes
  within the church. Pope Gregory the Great
  dramatically reformed ecclesiastical structure
  and administration.
• In the early 8th century, iconoclasm became a
  divisive issue. In the early 10th century,
  western monasticism was further rejuvenated
  through the leadership of the great Benedictine
  monastery of Cluny.

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3.3 High and Late Middle Ages

• In the west, from the 11th century onward, older
  cathedral schools developed into universities
  Originally teaching only theology, these steadily
  added subjects including medicine, philosophy and
  law, becoming the direct ancestors of modern
  western institutions of learning.

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• From 1095 under the pontificate of Urban II, the
  Crusades were launched.
• Over a period stretching from the 7th to the 13th
  century, the Christian Church underwent gradual
  alienation, resulting in a schism dividing it
  into a Western, largely Latin branch, the Roman
  Catholic Church, and an Eastern, largely Greek,
  branch, the Orthodox Church.
• Beginning around 1184, following the crusade
  brought about by the Cathar heresy, various
  institutions, broadly referred to as the
  Inquisition, were established with the aim of
  suppressing heresy and securing religious and
  doctrinal unity within Christianity through
  conversion and prosecution.

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3.4 Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

• Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation,
  the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a
  substantial process of reform and renewal, known
  as the Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reform.
• Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania,
  East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.
• Throughout Europe, the divides caused by the
  Reformation led to outbreaks of religious
  violence and the establishment of separate state
  religions in Western Europe.

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3.5 Christianity in the Modern Era

• In the Modern Era, Christianity was confronted
  with various forms of skepticism and with certain
  modern political ideologies such as liberalism,
  nationalism and socialism.
• Christian commitment in Europe dropped as
  modernity and secularism came into their own in
  Western Europe, while religious commitments in
  America have been generally high in comparison to
  Western Europe.
• The late 20th century has shown the shift of
  Christian adherence to the Third World and
  southern hemisphere in general, with western
  civilization no longer the chief standard bearer
  of Christianity.

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4. Demographics

• With an estimated number of adherents that ranges
  between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion, split into
  around 34,000 separate denominations,
  Christianity is the worlds largest religion.
• The Christian share of the worlds population has
  stood at around 33 per cent for the last hundred
  years.
• It is still the predominant religion in Europe,
  the Americas, the Philippines, and Southern
  Africa.

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• In most countries in the developed world, church
  attendance among people who continue to identify
  themselves as Christians has been falling over
  the last few decades.
• Some sources view this simply as part of a drift
  away from traditional membership institutions,
  while others link it to signs of a decline in
  belief in the importance of religion in general.
   

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5. Denominations

• There is a diversity of doctrines and practices
  among groups calling themselves Christian. These
  groups are sometimes classified under
  denominations, though for theological reasons
  many groups reject this classification system.
• Christianity may be broadly represented as being
  divided into five main groupings Roman
  Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental
  Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Restorationism.

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5.1 Roman Oatholicism and other Catholic Groups

• The (Roman) Catholic Church is comprised of those
  particular churches, headed by bishops, in
  communion with the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, as
  its highest authority in matters of faith,
  morality and Church governance.
• The Roman Catholic Church through Apostolic
  succession traces its origins to the Christian
  community founded by Jesus Christ.
• Catholics maintain that the "one, holy, catholic
  and apostolic church" founded by Jesus subsists
  fully in the Roman Catholic Church, but also
  acknowledges other Christian churches and
  communities and works towards reconciliation
  among all Christians.
• The Roman Catholic Church is the largest church
  representing over half of all Christians and one
  sixth of the worlds population.

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• Various smaller communities, such as the Old
  Catholic and Independent Catholic Churches,
  include the word Catholic in their title, and
  share much in common with Roman Catholicism but
  are no longer in communion with the See of Rome.
  The Old Catholic Church is in communion with the
  Anglican Communion.

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5.2 Eastern Orthodoxy

• Eastern Orthodoxy is comprised of those churches
  in communion with the Patriarchal Sees of the
  East, such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of
  Constantinople.
• Like the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern
  Orthodox Church also traces its heritage to the
  foundation of Christianity through Apostolic
  succession and has an episcopal structure, though
  the autonomy of the individual, mostly national
  churches is emphasized.
• Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest single
  denomination in Christianity, with over 200
  million adherents.

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5.3 Oriental Orthodoxy

• The Oriental Orthodox Churches (also called Old
  Oriental Churches) are those eastern churches
  that recognize the first three ecumenical
  councils Nicaea, Constantinople and Ephesus
  but reject the dogmatic definitions of the
  Council of Chalcedon and instead espouse a
  Miaphysite christology.

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5.4 Protestantism

• In the 16th century, Martin Luther, Huldrych
  Zwingli, and John Calvin inaugurated what has
  come to be called Protestantism.
• Most Protestant traditions branch out from the
  Reformed tradition in some way.
• In addition to the Lutheran and Reformed branches
  of the Reformation, there is Anglicanism after
  the English Reformation.

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• The oldest Protestant groups separated from the
  Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century
  Protestant Reformation, followed in many cases by
  further divisions.
• Estimates of the total number of Protestants are
  very uncertain.
• A special grouping are the Anglican churches
  descended from the Church of England and
  organised in the Anglican Communion.

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• Some Christians who come out of the Protestant
  tradition identify themselves simply as
  "Christian", or "born-again Christian" they
  typically distance themselves from the
  confessionalism and/or creedalism of other
  Christian communities by calling themselves
  "non-denominational" often founded by
  individual pastors, they have little affiliation
  with historic denominations.

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5.5 Restorationism

• Restorationism is composed of various unrelated
  churches that believe they are restoring the
  original church of Jesus Christ and not reforming
  any of the churches existing at the time of their
  perceived restorations.
• They teach that the other divisions of
  Christianity have introduced defects into
  Christianity, which is known as the Great
  Apostasy.
• Additionally, there are the following groups
  Christadelphians, Churches of Christ with 2.6
  million members, Disciples of Christ with 800,000
  members, and The Church of Jesus Christ of
  Latter-day Saints, the largest denomination of
  the Latter Day Saint movement with over 13
  million members.
• Though Restorationists have some superficial
  similarities, their doctrine and practices vary
  significantly.

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6. Ecumenism

• In the 20th century Christian ecumenism advanced
  in two ways. One way was greater cooperation
  between groups
• The other way was institutional union with new
  United and uniting churches.
• Steps towards reconciliation on a global level
  were taken in 1965 by the Roman Catholic and
  Orthodox churches mutually revoking the
  excommunications that marked their Great Schism
  in 1054.

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