Statehood:1845-1861

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Statehood1845-1861
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What is statehood?

• Statehood is the same as annexation. Annexation
  is the process of one country taking over all of
  or part of another country.
• There were pros and cons to becoming part of the
  United States.

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Pros of Statehood

• Money already existed in the United States
• Families would get united
• There was mail (postal service)
• Protection was given from the military
• Jobs were available
• Texas could divide into five separate parts if
  they wanted.
• They would get better education

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Cons of Statehood

• Texas had to give the Navy, supplies, and
  military forts to the United States.
• They had to sell some land so they could pay
  their debts.
• Texans had to write and adopt a new state
  constitution.
• Mexico would start a war because they didnt want
  Texas to be annexed by United States

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Politics of Statehood

• Texas leaders faced many issues
• Citizens needed protection from Indians
• Had to pay off state debt
• Needed to pay for construction of new railroads,
  schools, and a capitol

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Governors of Texas

• George T. Wood (1847)
• Peter H. Bell (served 2 terms)
• Elisha M. Pease (1853)- advocated a system of
  public education which led to the permanent
  school fund ordered construction of govt
  buildings, pushed for RR construction, eased the
  state debt ( by the time he left office Texas was
  almost debt free)
• Hardin R. Runnels (1857), much of his term spent
  trying to end violence between settlers Indians
• Sam Houston (Houston had now served as president
  of TX, U.S. senator, state governor)

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Political parties

• States 1st officeholders were not part of any
  pol party
• By 1840s most politicians joined pol parties
• Democratic party was strongest stood for
  farmers laborers)
• Democrats main rival were the Whigs (had support
  in northeast TX the coast) party was weak
  won few elections. Disagreements over slavery
  further weakened the Whigs
• Whigs broke apart- the North formed the
  Republican party (they were determined to stop
  the spread of slavery)

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Mexican War
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Factors Leading to War

• President James K. Polk had plans to expand the
  U.S.A. (manifest destiny)
• Mexico owned land between Texas and the Pacific
  Ocean.
• Boundary dispute U.S. said Rio Grande was the
  border between Mexico and TX Mexico claimed it
  was the Nueces River.

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President James K. Polk
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War Breaks Out

• Fighting began April 1846 when Mexican cavalry
  attacked U.S. cavalry
• President Polk Mexico hasshed American blood
  on American soil.
• May 13, 1846 Congress declares war
• General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops against
  Mexico

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Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation in Mexico
Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation in Mexico
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Texans in the Mexican War

• Many used this war as a chance to settle old
  scores (for revenge) with Mexico problem
  civilians were unjustly killed 5000 Texans
  fought
• Texas Rangers won fame for bravery in battle
  protected U.S. supply lines did not follow the
  rules of war often terrorized local Mexican
  people notables William A.A. Bigfoot Wallace,
  John R.I.P Ford, and Samuel Walker (invented
  Walker Colt revolver pistol)
• Women also helped notables Sarah Bowman
  Heroine of Fort Brown (cook who loaded guns and
  tended to wounded soldiers), Jane Cazneau (land
  agent/reporter) only American journalist to
  report behind enemy lines

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Samuel Walker
John R.I.P. Ford
William Bigfoot Wallace
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United States Victorious

• The U.S. won nearly every battle despite being
  extremely outnumbered.
• U.S. forces had superior leadership and weapons.
• The war ended with the capture of Mexico City in
  September 1847 by forces led by General Winfield
  Scott.

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BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO.
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GENERAL SCOTT'S ENTRY INTO THE CITY OF MEXICO.
GENERAL SCOTT'S ENTRY INTO THE CITY OF MEXICO.
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

• February 2, 1848
• Mexico recognized Texas as part of the United
  States
• Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the southern
  border of Texas
• Cession all or part of what is now California,
  Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and
  Colorado became part of the U.S.
• U.S. paid 15 million for the land

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Border Problems

• By 1860, more than 600,000 people lived in Texas
• New Mexico had no interest in being part of Texas
  slavery was an issue

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Compromise of 1850
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Compromise of 1850

• Congress created a plan to set the western border
  where it now exists
• Texas received 10 million to give up its claims
  to New Mexico
• Until 1850, there were equal numbers of slave and
  free states in the United States
• California entered Union as a free state would
  not permit slavery
• All other new lands in the West would decide for
  themselves (popular sovereignty)

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Spending the 10 million

• Set money aside to pay off holders of the
  Republic of Texas (each Republic dollar was
  worth 77 cents of U.S. currency)
• Payed off debts
• Built a new capitol governors mansion
• Put 2 million in the bank used the interest to
  build schools

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Growth Expansion

• Mexican Texans were among the many that came to
  Texas in search of a better life included
  ranchers, farmers, merchants craftspeople
• Many had already given much to Texas such as,
• Lorenzo de Zavala (built a colony in early TX
  was vice president of Republic of Texas)
• Jose Antonio Navarro (helped write state
  constitution served in Texas senate)
• Santos Benavides (worked as merchant rancher
  was elected mayor in 1856 of Laredo)
• Even with achievements many Tejanos lived with
  prejudice some were exiled

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Native Americans in the Growing State

• Violence between settlers Indians had been a
  long problem
• The growth of Texas population led to more
  conflict settlers pushed farther west where
  Indians lived
• Texans looked to the U.S. government to end
  threats from Indians

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The frontier

• U.S. govt built forts on the western frontier
  used to protect settlers
• Until the Mexican War Texas Rangers had protected
  settlers now U.S. troops arrived to build a line
  of forts
• Built posts along the Rio Grande to stop Mexicans
  from raiding TX
• Built another line from the Rio Grande to the Red
  River to protect against Apaches, Comanches
  Kiowas

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Fort locations
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Camels in Texas

• U.S. imported dozens of camels to help in the
  fight
• The camels could carry large amounts of supplies
  travel great distances

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The violence continues

• Beliefs between settlers Indians differed
• Indians believed one person could not own the
  land it belonged to the people as a whole
  resources should be available to all
• The Texan concept was that one person could
  control a measured piece of land
• Treaties did not help Indians believed the
  troops should keep the peace but the army used
  violence against Indians

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Reservations

• State govt controlled all the public lands the
  state had refused to give any land to Indians
• In 1854, Texas established 2 reservations along
  the Brazos River in exchange for peace
• One was for the Caddoes Tonkawas the other was
  for the Comanches

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Problems on Reservations

• Texans did not look at differences among tribes
  if Comanches from the northern plains band
  attacked, Texans would attack the Indians on the
  reservations
• Comanches were blamed for many thefts killings
• By 1859, Texas U.S. govt decided reservations
  failed
• Indians were forced to move to Oklahoma
• One group, the Alabama-Coushatta tribe was
  allowed to stay in Polk County is still there
  today

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Life on the reservations