Animal Biotechnology

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Chapter 7

• Animal Biotechnology

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Animals in Research
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Animals in Research
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B2
B3
B4
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Animals in Research
Animation of Drug Development Process
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Animals in Research

• Animal Models
• Mice
• Rats
• Zebrafish (3 month generation time, 200 progeny,
  complete embryogenesis in 120 hrs)
• Dogs (lungs and cardiovascular system)
• Cats
• Pigs (PPL Therapeutics- delete a gene which
  causes hyperacute rejection of pig-to-human organ
  transplantation)
• Primates (HIV and AIDs research, geriatric
  research)

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Animals in Research

• Alternatives to Animal Models
• Cell culture devices
• Researchers use cell cultures and
  computer-generated models whenever possible, but
  this doesnt work for looking at an organ or
  entire animal

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Animals in Research

• Regulation of Animal Research
• The Three Rs
• Reduce the number of higher species (cats, dogs,
  primates) used
• Replace animals with alternative models whenever
  possible
• Refine tests and experiments to ensure the most
  humane conditions possible

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Animals in Research

• Veterinary Medicine as Clinical Trials
• Treatments for humans may also be useful for
  treatments with animals (e.g. the BRCA1 gene
  found in 65 of human breast tumors is similar to
  the BRCA1 gene in dogs)
• Hyperthermia radiation more effective at
  killing tumors
• Stimulation of cytokines for curing skin cancers

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Animals in Research

• Bioengineering Mosquitoes to Prevent Malaria
• Cloned in a gene that prevents the parasite from
  traversing the midgut blocking the continuation
  of its life cycle
• Developed an antibody that prevents the parasite
  from entering the mosquitos salivary gland

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Clones

• Cloning
• Creating Dolly
• Limits to Cloning The donor cell must come from
  a living organism
• An organism is also shaped by its environment
• The success rate for cloning is very low
• Clones may be old before their time
• The future of cloning preservation of endangered
  animals, studying the effect of drugs etc on
  duplicates, improve agricultural production

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Transgenic Animals

• Retrovirus-mediated transgenesis
• Pronuclear microinjection
• Embronyic stem cell method
• Sperm-mediated transfer

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Transgenic Animals

• Improving Agricultural Products with Transgenics
• Faster growth rates or leaner growth patterns
  (improve the product), more product
• Increase nutritional content-lactoferrin
• Turning the animals into efficient grazers
• Transfer antimicrobial genes to farm animals

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Transgenic Animals

• Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors
• Biosteel otherwise known as spider silk, cloned
  into goat milk (silkmilk goats)
• Goats reproduce faster than cows and are cheaper
  than cows
• Hens also make good bioreactors in that they are
  cheap and a lot of eggs are produced at one time

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Transgenic Animals

• Knock-outs A Special Case of Transgenesis
• A specific gene is disrupted or removed such that
  it is not expressed
• Procedure DNA is modified, it is added to
  embryonic stem cells, where it undergoes
  homologous recombination. The modified ES cells
  are then introduced into normal embryo. The
  embryo is implanted in an incubator mother. The
  offspring is a chimera. It may take several
  generations of crossbreeding are required to
  produce animals that are complete knock-outs.
• Breast cancer mouse

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Producing Human Antibodies in Animals

• Production of Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
• Used to treat cancer, heart disease, and
  transplant rejection
• HUMANIZED monoclonal antibodies were developed to
  prevent the human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA)
  response

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