The History of Microbiology

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The History of Microbiology

• Chapter 1
• Microbiology
• Liberty Senior High

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How Do We Group Microorganisms?

• Into Four Kingdoms
• Protista- protozoa and algae
• Fungi- yeast and other fungi
• Eubacteria- true bacteria
• Archaebacteria- ancient bacteria
• In its own Group
• Viruses

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotes
• Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
• Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and
  membrane-bound organelles
• Have DNA and cell membranes

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotes
• Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
• Uni- and multicellular organisms with a nucleus
  and organelles
• Have DNA and cell membrane

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Question of the Day!

• Who was the first microbiologist?

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Holy Moses!

• Instructed people to bury feces and other wastes.
• Bible also refers to isolating lepers.
  (Deuteronomy, Ch. 13)

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Hippocrates

• Greek physician in 400 B.C. who established
  medical ethics.
• Linked symptoms to certain diseases.
• Realized diseases could be transmitted by
  clothing.

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Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

• 542-1600s, spread into Europe by caravan and sea
  trading routes.
• Carried by fleas on ship rats.

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Xenopsylla cheopis
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Bubonic and Septicemic Plague
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Robert Hooke

• In 1665, built the first microscope.
• Used the term cell to describe what he
  saw--after the small rooms of monks.

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Hookes First Microscope
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Anton von Leewenhoek
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Leewenhoek

• From 1632-1723, he designed microscopes.
• Described animalcules
• Never sold his microscopes, microbiology didnt
  advance for 100 yrs.

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Schleiden and Schwann

• Formulated the Cell Theory- that cells are the
  fundamental units of all life.

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Germ Theory

• Microorganisms can invade other organisms and
  cause disease.

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Spontaneous Generation

• Belief that life arose from nonliving things, a
  vital force found in the air.

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Francesco Redi

• Disproved spontaneous generation with the fly and
  rotting meat experiment.

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Louis Pasteur
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Pasteur

• In the mid-1800s, disproved spontaneous
  generation using experiments with swan-necked
  flasks--allowed the air with the vital force to
  enter.

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Pasteur and the Swan-Necked Flask
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Louis Pasteur

• From 1822-1895
• Developed pasteurization technique of heating
  wine to kill other microorganisms without killing
  yeast.
• Developed first rabies vaccine- from rabbit
  spinal cord

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Robert Koch
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Robert Koch

• Developed techniques for isolating bacteria and
  growing in vitro (out of the body)
• Developed different medias for growing cultures.

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Kochs Postulates

• 1.) The specific pathogen (disease-causing)
  organism must be found in all cases of the
  disease.

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Kochs Postulates

• 2.) The pathogen must be isolated.

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Kochs Postulates

• 3.) Must inoculate a healthy animal with the
  pathogen and cause the disease.

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Kochs Postulates

• 4.) Must recover the same pathogen from the
  inoculated animal.

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Ignaz Semmelweis-The Father of Sanitary Practices
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Ignaz Semmelweis

• 1800s, Autopsy to child birth (childbed fever).
• Encouraged sanitary practices by physicians.
• Ridiculed, had a nervous breakdown, asylum and
  died of an infection.

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Joseph Lister

• Developed aseptic technique for surgeons
• Used carbolic acid to sterilize instruments.

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How Do We Protect Ourselves? Immunology

• Ancient Chinese- inhaled ground smallpox
  scabs--develop a mild case of smallpox but
  survive later exposure.

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Smallpox and Edward Jenner

• In late 1100s, smallpox had been carried back to
  Europe with the Crusaders from the Near East.
• Late 1700s, Jenner realized milkmaids with
  cowpox did not get smallpox.
• First tested vaccine (vacca means cow) against
  smallpox.

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Edward Jenner- Ethics are Relative?
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Eli Metchnikoff

• In the 1880s, discovered that the human body has
  cells which can ingest microbes.
• Called them phagocytes or cell-eating.

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Virology and Beijerinck

• Called microbes that could pass through filters
  viruses.
• Established that they needed host cells for their
  own replication.

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Viruses and Cancer

• Rous discovered that certain viruses can cause
  cancer.
• Won the Nobel Prize in 1966. Human Papilloma
• Virus- warts and
• cervical cancer.

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Viruses and Cancer

• Human Hepatitis B virus
• Can cause liver cancer.

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It is 1880 and there is a widespread often lethal
infection of tuberculosis.

• At the time many believed that the bacterium
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis was to blame but could
  not prove it.
• If you were Robert Koch what would you do?