The English Colonies

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The English Colonies

• Chapter 3

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The Southern Colonies

• Chapter 3 1

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• Southern Colonies
• MD, VA, NC, SC, GA
• Rich soil and warm climate made the southern
  colonies ideal for farming.
• Economy was based on agriculture and had no need
  for commerce or industry
• Main cash crops were tobacco and rice

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• Southern Colonies
• Most of the large Southern plantations were
  located in the Tidewater region. This region was
  flat, low plains along the sea coast.
• The rich southerners lived in this area
• The area west of the Tidewater region was the
  backcountry. This region was located close to
  the Appalachian Mountains.
• The poor southerners lived in this area

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The Lost Colony of Roanoke
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The Lost Colony of Roanoke

• The British made several attempts to establish a
  base on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean but
  failed many time.
• Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh the right
  to claim any land in North America not already
  owned by a Christian monarchy.

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Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Sir Walter Raleigh
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• Raleigh sent an expedition to look for a good
  place to settle.
• He decided to settle off the coast of North
  Carolina on Roanoke Island.
• In 1585, Raleigh sent about 100 men to settle on
  Roanoke Island.
• After a difficult winter on the island, the
  unhappy colonists returned to England.
• Two years later Raleigh tried again, sending 91
  men, 17 women, and 9 children to Roanoke.
• John White, a mapmaker and artist, led the group.
  

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John White
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• The settlers needed many supplies.
• Soooo, White sailed to Britain
• for supplies
• to recruit more settlers
• He returned 3 years later.
• When White finally returned to Roanoke, he found
  it deserted.
• The only clue to the fate of the settlers was the
  word Croatoan carved on a tree.

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Jamestown Settlement
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Jamestown Settlement

• One group of merchants, the Virginia Company of
  London, received a charter to organize a
  settlement in a region of America known as
  Virginia.
• The company sent 144 settlers in 3 ships to build
  a new colony in North America.

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• Settlers objectives
• Look for gold
• Establish trade in fish and furs
• 40 settlers died during the voyage.
• The ships entered the Chesapeake Bay and settled
  in an area in which they named Jamestown, in
  honor of King James I.
• The settlers built Jamestown on a peninsula
• Positives
• so they could defend it from attack
• Negatives
• swampy land full of mosquitoes
• very humid
• lacked good farmland
• surrounded by Native Americans.

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Jamestown
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• The colonist were unaccustomed to hard labor.
• Settlers searched for gold and silver instead of
  growing food.
• disease and hunger became problems
• By January 1608, when ships arrived w/ additional
  men and supplies, only 38 of the 104 original
  colonist remained alive.

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• Governing Jamestown
• The colony survived its 2nd year under the
  leadership of John Smith.
• Smith instituted the if you do not work, you do
  not eat policy.
• Also, he managed to get corn from the Powhatan
  people.

John Smith
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• The colonist barely survived the strict winter of
  1609 1610, called the starving time.
• Trouble also broke out w/ the Native Americans.
• When new settlers arrived in May, they found only
  60 survivors.

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• No gold and silver but they did figure out how to
  make ... TOBACCO!
• Tobacco was very popular in Europe.
• One colonist, John Rolfe, learned to grow a type
  of tobacco that was less bitter.
• John Rolfe married the daughter of the Powhatan
  Chief, Pocahontas.
• Relations w/ the Powhatan Indians improved

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Daily Life in Virginia
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• Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy young planter, was a
  leader in the western part of VA.
• Some westerners settled in the forbidden lands
  and then blamed the government for not protecting
  them from Native American raids.
• In 1676, Bacon led the angry westerners in
  attacks on Native American villages.
• The governor declared Bacon a rebel.
• Bacons army marched to Jamestown, set fire to
  the capital, and drove the governor into exile
  (hiding).
• Only Bacons sudden illness and death stopped him
  from taking over VA.
• British troops helped the governor restore order
  and end the rebellion.
• This became known as Bacons Rebellion.

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Nathaniel Bacon
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Catholics in Maryland
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Catholics in Maryland

• Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, wanted to establish a
  safe place for his fellow Catholics, who were
  being persecuted in England.
• He also hoped that a colony would make him rich.
• Lord Baltimore died before creating this colony.
• His son, Cecilius Calvert took charge of the
  colony. Calvert later changed his name to the
  new Lord Baltimore.

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Lord Baltimore

• To reduce tension among various groups, Lord
  Baltimore passed the Toleration Act of 1649.
• This act made it a crime to restrict the
  religious beliefs of Christians.

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Settling the Carolinas
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The Carolinas

• King Charles II issued two charters to create a
  colony.
• The colony was called Carolina, which means
  Charless land.
• North
• Farmers from VA settled in the northern parts of
  Carolina
• grew tobacco and sold timber and tar
• coast offered no good harbor relied on VA
• South
• more prosperous
• fertile farmland and a good harbor.
• Rice became the colonys leading crop.
• Indigo was discovered.
• Indigo is used to dye textiles (clothes).

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Carolina Tension between the north and the
south..
North Carolina Small farmers in the North
South Carolina Wealthy planters in the South
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Georgia
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Georgia

• The leader of this colony was General James
  Oglethorpe.
• Created for
• English debtors
• Poor people to settle to make a fresh start
• military barrier between (British) South Carolina
  and Spanish Florida

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The New England Colonies

• Chapter 3 - 2

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Life in the Colonies

• New England Colonies
• Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
  Rhode Island
• Lived in organized towns
• Center of town was a meeting house (used for
  church and town meetings)
• Farming was main economic activity cold weather
  in winter made farming difficult

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• New England Colonies
• Farmers grew only what their family could eat,
  didnt have extra to sell or trade (this is known
  as subsistence farming)
• Everyone was required to work (men, women and
  children)
• Not everyone were farmers, some worked in mills,
  fishermen, or were shipbuilders

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Massachusetts A demand for religious
freedom!Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth
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• Protestants ( followers of the Anglican Church)
• Puritans wanted to change or reform the church.
• Pilgrims wanted to break away from it altogether
  and form a new church.

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Plymouth
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• The Pilgrims journeyed to America in search of
  religious freedom in their ship, the Mayflower.
• The leader of the Pilgrims was William Bradford.
• They settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

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• The Pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact to
  create order in their colony
• In the Mayflower Compact, the Pilgrims
• Pledged their loyalty to Britain
• Declared their intention of forming a government
• Promised to obey the laws passed for the good of
  the colony

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• In their first winter in America, almost ½ of the
  Pilgrims died of malnutrition, disease, and cold.
  
• In the spring, a few Native Americans approached
  the settlement.
• Two of them, Squanto and Samoset, befriended the
  colonist
• showed them how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkin
  and
• Showed them where to hunt and fish.
• helped the Pilgrims make a treaty w/ the Native
  Americans who lived in the area

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• In the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims invited the
  Native Americans to celebrate the peace between
  them.
• During the feast, the Pilgrims thanked God for
  the harvest and for their survival.
• This was the first Thanksgiving in America!

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Massachusetts Bay
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Massachusetts Bay

• Some Puritans looked for a way to leave Britain
  because they were being persecuted by the king
  because of their religion.
• A group of Puritans established the Massachusetts
  Bay Colony, North of Plymouth.

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• The Puritans wanted a society based on the Bible
  and their own beliefs.
• John Winthrop was chosen to be the governor.
• Winthrop led 1,000 men, women and children in 11
  ships to Massachusetts Bay.
• Most of them settled in a place they called
  Boston.
• Winthrop wanted the Massachusetts Bay (Boston)
  colony to be a city upon a hill.

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John Winthrop

• What did John Winthrop mean when he called Boston
  
• A city upon a Hill?

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• During the 1630s, religious persecution in
  Britain drove more than 15,000 Puritans to
  journey to Massachusetts.
• The Great Migration.
• The Puritans had come to America to put their
  religious beliefs into practice.
• Yet, they were unwilling to allow other religious
  groups the freedom to practice their beliefs.
• The Puritans persecuted people who held other
  religious view.

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• What is wrong with this action the Puritans were
  taking?

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Connecticut
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Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker didnt like the way Massachusetts
  was being governed.
• So he left Massachusetts and created Connecticut
• He heard good reports of the Connecticut
  farmland.
• They adopted a plan of government called the
  Fundamental Order of Connecticut.
• This was the 1st written constitution in
  America.

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Rhode Island
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Rhode Island

• Roger Williams was a minister in Massachusetts.
  He believed
• people should be free to follow any religious
  practices.
• the church and the government should be separate.
  
• wrong to take land from Native Americans.

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• The ideas of Roger Williams disturbed the
  Puritans so.they banished him from the
  Massachusetts.
• Williams left Massachusetts and took refuge w/
  the Native Americans.
• Williams received a charter for a colony E of
  Connecticut called Rhode Island.

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• Anne Hutchinson questioned the religious
  authority of the colonys ministers.
• She also believed women should have more power.
• They saw her as a danger to the colony and put
  her on trial for heresy (criticizing church
  officials).
• She was found guilty and forced out of
  Massachusetts.
• She then moved to Rhode Island too.

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New Hampshire

• John Wheelwright followed Roger Williams example.
• He left Massachusetts and founded New Hampshire
  so people could worship as they pleased.

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The Middle Colonies

• Chapter 3 3

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• Middle Colonies
• NY, Penn, NJ, Delaware
• Had better soil and milder climate than the New
  England colonies for farming. As a result of
  this, they grew large quantities of crops known
  as cash crops.
• Cash crops are crops that could be sold in all
  colonies and overseas.
• People also worked in industries (carpentry,
  flour making, lumber, mining.)

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New York
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New York

• In 1660, Britain had 2 clusters of colonies,
  which were located in the
• New England Colonies (Northern)
• New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode
  Island
• Southern Colonies
• Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina, and
  South Carolina

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• Between the 2 groups of British colonies were
  lands that the Dutch (Netherlands) controlled.
• A group of Dutch merchants had formed the Dutch
  West India company to trade in the Americas.
• They sent people from the Netherlands, Germany,
  Sweden, and Finland.
• Their main colony was named New Amsterdam.

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• The company gave a large estate to anyone who
  brought at least 50 settlers to work the land.
• The wealthy landowners who got these riverfront
  estates were called patroons.
• The patroons ruled like kings of their estates.

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• The British wanted to acquire the valuable Dutch
  colony that laid between Britains New England
  and Southern Colonies.
• So.. In 1664, the British sent a fleet to attack
  New Amsterdam (New York area).
• Peter Stuyvesant ruled the colony as governor.
• When British ships arrived to attack, the
  governor was unprepared for a battle and
  surrendered the colony.

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• King Charles II (Britain) gave the colony to his
  brother, the Duke of York, who renamed it New
  York.
• New Amsterdam, now called New York City, was one
  of the fastest-growing locations in the colony.

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New Jersey
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New Jersey
Lord John Berkeley
Sir George Carteret

• The Duke of York (New Yorks ruler) gave the
  southern part of his colony, to Lord John
  Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.
• they called their colony New Jersey
• Berkely and Carteret hoped to make money from New
  Jersey by charging their settlers rent.
• How did they get people to settle in New Jersey?
• offered land
• promised freedom of religion
• trial by jury
• a representative assemble every man could have a
  vote

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Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania
William Penn

• William Penn presented a plan to King Charles.
• Penns father had once lent the king a great deal
  of money.
• Pen had inherited the kings promise to repay
  the loan.
• Instead of , however, Penn asked for land in
  America.
• The king gave Penn some land.
• The new colony was named Pennsylvania.

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• William Penn belonged to a Protestant group
  called the Society of Friends, or Quakers.
• The Quakers believed that people had an inner
  light that could guide them to salvation.
• church services and officials were unnecessary
• Everyone was equal in Gods eyes
• The Quakers were tolerant of the views of others.
• Many people thought the Quakers threatened
  traditions.
• For example
• Quakers would not bow or take off their hats to
  lords and ladies because of their belief that
  everyone was equal.

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• William Penn personally designed Philadelphia,
  the city of brotherly love.
• Penn believed that the land belonged to Native
  Americans and that settlers should pay for it.
• Native Americans held Penn in such high regard
  that some moved to Pennsylvania.

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• To encourage European settlers to come to
  Pennsylvania, Pen advertised the colony
  throughout Europe w/ pamphlets in several
  languages.
• The southern part of Pennsylvania allowed the
  people to form their own legislature which
  eventually became Delaware.

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Religion in the Colonies

• In the 1730s and 1740s, a religious revival
  called the Great Awakening swept through the
  colonies.
• In New England and the Middle Colonies, ministers
  called for a new birth, a return to the strong
  faith of earlier days.
• One of the outstanding preachers of the Great
  Awakening was Jonathan Edwards.

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Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
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Education in the Colonies
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Public Education

• Communities established town schools in which to
  educate children in the New England Colonies.
• Education was very important here because
  settlers wanted to ensure that future generations
  would have educated ministers.

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• School children in New England used the New
  England Primer to learn to read.
• This book contained characters and stories from
  the Bible.

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• There were more schools in the New England
  Colonies than in other colonies.
• This was because children in the Middle and
  Southern colonies lived farther away from each
  other.
• These children had to be taught by their parents
  or by private tutors.
• Most colonial children stopped their education
  after the elementary grades.
• They were often needed to help work on the family
  farm, or the were sent away from home to work.

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Higher Education

• Higher education was also important.
• Harvard College was founded in 1636. It was the
  first college in the Colonies.
• The second college founded in the colonies was
  William and Mary College. It was founded in
  Virginia in 1693.
• Both colleges are still in existence today.

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• By 1700, about 70 of men and 45 of women in
  New England could read and write.
• The number was much lower in other colonies.

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Colonial Economics
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Mercantilism
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Mercantilism

• England viewed the 13 colonies as an economic
  resource.
• The colonies provided England w/ raw materials
  and England made finished goods and sold the
  goods to the colonies. This process followed the
  economic theory of mercantilism.
• The goal of mercantilism is exporting more goods
  than what is being imported.

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• Exported goods goods sold to other countries
• Imported goods goods bought from other
  countries.
• Therefore, w/ mercantilism you had to make more
  money than you spent!

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Triangular Trade
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Triangular Trade

• Some colonial trading ships went directly from
  the colonies to England and other European ports
  and back. However, others followed routes that
  came to be called the triangular trade.
• The triangular trade route is called this because
  the routes formed a triangle between the
  colonies, the West Indies, and Africa.

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• The most inhumane aspect of the triangular trade
  was the shipping of enslaved Africans to the West
  Indies. This passage was known as the Middle
  Passage.
• http//www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applicat
  ions/imaps/maps/g5s_u3/index.html

Triangular Trade Route
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Goods Traded in the Colonies
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Goods Traded in the Colonies

• New England colonies NONE, only grew enough for
  their families
• Middle colonies wheat, livestock, flour, and
  lumber
• Southern colonies tobacco rice (depended
  heavily on slave labor)

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The Navigation Acts
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The Navigation Acts

• To make certain that only England benefited from
  trade with the colonies, Parliament passed a
  series of laws called the Navigation Acts.

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• The Navigation Acts did the following
• Only allowed the colonists to trade w/ Britain
• Colonial merchants could not send goods to
  England in foreign ships (even if the foreign
  ships were cheaper)
• Prohibited the colonist from sending certain
  products (sugar or tobacco) outside of Englands
  empire
• Some colonists ignored these laws and began
  smuggling (trading illegally) in Europe or in the
  West Indies.

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Colonial Governments
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• As colonies grew, they had to rely on their own
  governments to make local laws. There were 3
  types of colonial governments among the 13
  colonies charter, proprietary and royal.

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Charter Colonies

• Established by groups of settlers who had been
  given a grant of rights and privileges
• Elected their own governors and members of both
  houses of the legislature

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Proprietary Colonies

• Ruled by individuals or groups to whom England
  had granted land to (usually friends of the king)
• Given free rule by the king to rule as they wish

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Royal colonies

• King of England directly ruled all royal colonies
• Governor and legislature generally did what the
  British leaders wanted them to do

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Headright System

• Large farms, called plantations, were established
  by tobacco farmers.
• Colonists who paid their way received 50 acres of
  land and 50 acres for each person they brought to
  Virginia.

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Labor

• Most workers were indentured servants.
• Indentured servants were people who came to
  America for free by agreeing to work without pay
  for a set amount of time.
• Colonists began to rely on slave labor.
• The first Africans were brought as slaves and
  servants in 1619.
• Increased work and the falling cost of slaves led
  colonists to use more slave labor.

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Voting Rights in the Colonies

• Only white men who owned land had the right to
  vote
• Neither women or indentured servants, nor
  landless and poor people, nor enslaved Africans
  could vote