Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation

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Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation

• M. Burns
• FCS 3755

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Pre-conception

• Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
• Choose an adequate and balanced diet
• Be physically active
• Avoid harmful influences both parents

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Placenta Amniotic sac Umbilical cord
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Maternal Weight

• Prior to conception
• Underweight increases risk for LBW
• Overweight increases risk for medical
  complications
• During pregnancy
• Total weight gain
• Weight gain patterns

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Weight gain patterns
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Nutrition during Pregnancy

• Energy needs
• Protein
• Essential fatty acids
• Vitamins and minerals
• Folate, B12, iron and zinc for synthesis of DNA
  and new cells
• Vitamin D, Ca, Mg, P, and F for bone development

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Nutrition-related Concerns of Pregnancy

• Nausea due to hormonal changes
• Constipation and hemorrhoids due to fetus
  crowding intestinal organs
• Heartburn due to fetus putting pressure on
  mothers stomach and hormones
• Food cravings and aversions
• Non-food cravings (pica)

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Malnutrition and Pregnancy

• Fertility issues
• Amenorrhea and low sperm count
• Early pregnancy
• 18-23 months between infants
• Fetal development
• Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food
  assistance program

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Maternal Health

• Pre-existing diabetes
• Gestational diabetes
• Screen at 24-28 weeks gestation
• Pre-existing HTN
• Pre-eclampsia
• HTN, fluid retention, and protein in urine
• Eclampsia
• Includes convulsions

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Practices Incompatible with Pregnancy

• Medicinal drugs
• Herbal supplements
• Illicit drugs
• Smoking and chewing tobacco
• Environmental contaminants (lead and mercury)

• Food borne illness
• Vitamin/mineral megadoses
• Caffeine
• Weight-loss dieting
• Sugar substitutes
• Alcohol

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• Cluster of physical, mental, and neurobehavioral
  symptoms
• Pre and postnatal growth retardation
• Impairment of brain and CNS
• Increased frequency of major birth defects, such
  as cleft palate
• Abnormalities of the face

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Lactation A Physiological Process

• Mammary glands secrete the milk
• Prolactin
• Hormone that tells the mammary glands to initiate
  and sustain milk production
• Oxytocin
• Hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to
  eject the milk (let-down response) and to
  contract the uterus during childbirth

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Nutrient Needs of Mother

• Energy intake and exercise
• Energy nutrients
• Vitamins and minerals
• B6, B12, A, D, folate, iron, and calcium
• Water
• Nutrient supplements (iron, maybe)
• Particular foods

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Practices Incompatible with Lactation

• Alcohol use
• Medicinal drugs
• Illicit drugs
• Smoking
• Caffeine

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Maternal Health

• HIV infection and AIDS
• HIV is spread via breast milk
• Diabetes
• Adjust insulin to energy needs
• Postpartum amenorrhea
• No period while breastfeeding
• Breast health
• Inconclusive evidence between breastfeeding and
  breast cancer