Urban Air Quality Management Capability of Selected Asian Cities 2006 Update

1
Urban Air Quality Management Capability of
Selected Asian Cities 2006 Update
Kong Ha Chairman
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities
Strategic Policy Directions for Air Quality Risk
Management/NERAM Colloquium
Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia
Program
2
Status of Air Quality in Asia

• Ambient air quality in Asia is generally
  improving despite increase in motorization and
  energy use
• Average ambient TSP, PM10 and SO2 trends are
  improving
• Average ambient TSP and PM10, however, continue
  to exceed WHO and USEPA guidelines
• Average ambient SO2 is in compliance with WHO
  guideline
• NO2 close to guidelines
• Insufficient information on O3 for reliable
  trend analysis
• It is uncertain whether the observed improvements
  in air quality will be sustained

Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends, mg/m3 (1993
to 2005)
3
Annual Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10
USEPA
EU
No annual ambient air quality standards, only
24-hour limits
4
PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities (2005)
WHO 2005 Guideline Value for Annual Average of
PM10 20 µg/m3
5
PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities (2005)
WHO 2005 PM10 Interim Target 1 30 µg/m3
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities (2005)
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities (2005)
WHO 2005 PM10 Interim Target 3 70 µg/m3
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Benchmarking Air Quality Management Capabilities
in Asia

• The Benchmarking study involved 20 cities in Asia
  representing various economic levels and
  geographic coverage.
• The cities were categorized according to four AQM
  capability indices 1) AQ measurement 2) data
  availability and assessment 3) emission
  estimates and 4) AQ management enabling
  capacity.
• Cities with high levels of economic development
  tend to have well-developed AQM systems
• Benchmarking of AQM capability can assist cities
  in setting priorities and developing strategies
  for strengthening their AQM capability

AQM Capability AQM Capability Scoring Cities Level of Economic Development/ Trends of Air Pollution
Excellent I 91-100 Hong Kong, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo High technology applied Low air pollution
Excellent II 81-90 Bangkok, Seoul, Shanghai High technology applied Low air pollution
Good I 71-80 Beijing, Busan Maturing of cleaner processes, use of cleaner fuels and mature emission controls. Further improvement of air quality
Good II 61-70 New Delhi Maturing of cleaner processes, use of cleaner fuels and mature emission controls. Further improvement of air quality
Moderate I 51-60 Ho Chi Minh, Jakarta, Kolkata, Manila, Mumbai Cleaner processes developed. Systematic AQM procedures developed Air pollution decreasing from high levels
Moderate II 41-50 Colombo Cleaner processes developed. Systematic AQM procedures developed Air pollution decreasing from high levels
Limited I 31-40 Hanoi, Surabaya Urbanisation, industrialisation and mobilisation continued. Initial systematic AQM procedures applied High but stabilising levels of air pollution. Serious health and environmental impacts
Limited II 21-30 Dhaka, Kathmandu Urbanisation, industrialisation and mobilisation continued. Initial systematic AQM procedures applied High but stabilising levels of air pollution. Serious health and environmental impacts
Minimal 0-20 - Increased urbanisation, mobilization and industrialisation. Only ad hoc AQM. Deterioration of air quality through rising levels of air pollution
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Benchmarking UAQM Capability of Asian Cities
Benchmarking Study Approach
City Profiles and AQ Data
AQM Capability Questionnaire
Compilation of information on current policy and
practice for key components of AQM
Questionnaire to assess AQM capability sent to
city authorities

• In collaboration with Stockholm Environment
  Institute in their Air Pollution in the
  Megacities of Asia Project and the CAI-Asia
  Network

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Air Quality Measurement Capabilities

• Air Quality Measurement Index
• Assesses the ambient air monitoring taking place
  in a city and the accuracy and precision and
  representativeness of the data collected
• Air Quality Data Assessment and Availability
  Index
• Assesses how air data is processed to value and
  provide information in a decision-relevant
  format. It also assesses the extent to which
  there is access to air quality information and
  data through different media
• Emissions Estimate Index
• Assesses emission inventories undertaken to
  determine the extent to which decision-relevant
  information is available about source pollution
  in the city
• Air Quality Management Index
• Asseses the administrative and legislative
  framework through which emission control
  strategies are introduced to manage air quality

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Air Quality Measurement Index

• Six cities measure the acute and chronic health
  effects for all criteria compounds (NO2, SO2, PM,
  CO, Pb, O3)
• Nine cities measure trends in pollutant
  concentrations for all criteria compounds
• Five cities measure the spatial distriubution for
  all compounds
• 11 cities have the capacity to measure kerbside
  criteria for all compounds
• Rigorous QA/QC criteria are applied in eight
  cities

Bangkok ????? Kolkata ???
Beijing ????? Metro Manila ???
Busan ????? Mumbai ???
Colombo ??? New Delhi ?????
Dhaka ?? Seoul ?????
Hanoi ??? Shanghai ?????
Ho Chi Minh ????? Singapore ?????
Hong Kong ????? Surabaya ??
Jakarta ??? Taipei ?????
Kathmandu ? Tokyo ?????
Minimal ? Limited ?? Moderate ???
Good ???? Excellent ?????
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AQ Monitoring Capacity in Asia
Air Quality Monitoring Stations
City Manual Continuous
Bangkok 21
Beijing 24
Busan 14
Colombo 1
Delhi 10 2
Dhaka 1
Hanoi 7
Ho Chi Minh 9
Hong Kong 14
Jakarta 1 5
Kathmandu 6
City Manual Continuous
Kolkata 12 5
Manila 12 5
Mumbai 22
Osaka 14
Seoul 27
Shanghai 23 21
Singapore 16
Surabaya 5
Taipei 19
Tokyo 82
Yogyakarta 6
Status of AQ monitoring in Asia
Source Urban Air Pollution in Asian Cities
(2006) - for publication
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Air Quality Assessment and Availability Index
Bangkok ????? Kolkata ???
Beijing ????? Metro Manila ??
Busan ??? Mumbai ???
Colombo ? New Delhi ???
Dhaka ?? Seoul ????
Hanoi ?? Shanghai ?????
Ho Chi Minh ??? Singapore ?????
Hong Kong ????? Surabaya ??
Jakarta ??? Taipei ?????
Kathmandu ?? Tokyo ?????

• 11 cities undertake prediction modelling for
  pollutants monitored
• 11 cities have undertaken epidemiological studies
• 10 cities issue air quality alerts
• 9 cities undertake spatial mapping of pollutants
• 11 cities formally publish AQ data

Minimal ? Limited ?? Moderate ???
Good ???? Excellent ?????
14
Online Ambient Air Quality Data of Selected
Asian Cities
Online AQ Information
15
Emission Estimates Index
Bangkok ???? Kolkata ???
Beijing ??? Metro Manila ????
Busan ????? Mumbai ???
Colombo ???? New Delhi ????
Dhaka ? Seoul ?????
Hanoi ?? Shanghai ????
Ho Chi Minh ?? Singapore ?????
Hong Kong ????? Surabaya ??
Jakarta ???? Taipei ?????
Kathmandu ?? Tokyo ?????

• 14 cities have emission estimates for major
  source categories (industrial, mobile and
  domestic/commercial)
• 15 cities have emission estimates for all
  criteria pollutants (PM, CO, SO2, NO2 and HC)
• 8 cities have estimates of emissions based on
  actual measurements
• 6 cities cross check estimates

Minimal ? Limited ?? Moderate ???
Good ???? Excellent ?????
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Air Quality Management Index

• 11 cities have AQ standards for all criteria
  pollutants
• 17 cities have emission limits and controls on
  stationary and mobile sources
• 13 cities impose penalties for th exceedance of
  both stationary and mobile emissions

Bangkok ???? Kolkata ????
Beijing ???? Metro Manila ????
Busan ????? Mumbai ????
Colombo ?? New Delhi ????
Dhaka ??? Seoul ?????
Hanoi ?? Shanghai ????
Ho Chi Minh ??? Singapore ?????
Hong Kong ????? Surabaya ???
Jakarta ??? Taipei ?????
Kathmandu ?? Tokyo ?????
Minimal ? Limited ?? Moderate ???
Good ???? Excellent ?????
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Ambient Air Quality Standards in Asia

• Most countries have more lenient standards than
  those prescribed by WHO and USEPA
• Standards for PM10 have been largely based on
  USEPA limits
• There is a need to review current PM standards
  Europe has moved PM10 limit to 50µg/m3 limit for
  24-hour averages and 40 µg/m3 for annual averages
• Standards for other air toxics e.g benzene
  should be legislated
• In some cases, AQ monitoring plans/ systems, are
  inconsistent with the established standards
• most Asian countries do not have specific
  roadside AQM standards

Country Pollutants Remarks
Bangladesh TSP, CO, NOx, and SO2 1997 standards established for a few pollutants depending on land use category new standards are pending approval
China TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb Standards require cities to comply with Class I, II, or III standards. Class I standards more stringent than the WHO and USEPA limits
Hong Kong TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb, O3 Standards less stringent than WHO and USEPA limits
India TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb Established based on different land-use categories i.e. industrial, residential and sensitive areas.
Indonesia TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb National and local (Jakarta) standards less stringent that WHO PM limits less stringent than USEPA
Japan CO, NO2, O3, SO2, TSP Comparable and to some extent more stringent than WHO guidelines with the exception of CO limits for an 8-hour exposure.
Nepal TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb, C6H6 Established only in 2003 standards less stringent than WHO PM limits less stringent than USEPA
Pakistan No legislated ambient air quality standards
Philippines TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb based and comparable to WHO and USEPA (for PM10). Standards more lenient, selecting the higher/max allowable limits
Singapore PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3 Despite adopting only both WHO guidelines and USEPA limits, Singapore PSI reporting is very efficient
Sri-Lanka TSP, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb TSP standards twice more lenient than USEPA, No annual standard for SO2, 24-hour limit for SO2, a slightly lenient O3 and NO2 compared with USEPA and WHO, respectively
Thailand TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb TSP twice more lenient than USEPA SO2 and CO almost same as USEPA limit, stringent NO2 compared to WHO
Vietnam TSP, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb Hourly limits for NO2 and CO are more lenient than WHO, no PM10 standards, the rest of the standards are almost same as WHO
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Motorization Trends in Asia
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Motorization Trends in Asia
20
Vehicle Growth Forecast in Asian Countries(in
Millions of Vehicles)
China, P.R.
India
Thailand
Indonesia
Note Vehicle Population Projection from Segment
Y Ltd
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Vehicle Emissions Standards

• Compared to five years ago, more Asian countries
  have now adopted or have legislated plans to
  adopt stricter vehicle emissions standards as
  well as fuel standards
• Emphasis has been on institutionalizing new
  vehicle emissions standards and not enough
  attention has been given in addressing emissions
  from in-use vehicles
• More attention has been given as well to
  light-duty vehicles compared to heavy duty
  vehicles
• One of the most pressing problem of Asian
  countries is the rapid increase in the motorcycle
  fleet but not enough attention has been given
  towards appropriate regulatory measures to
  control the associated emissions

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Vehicle Emission Standards
Note For light-duty vehicles Source CAI-Asia,
2006
23
Transportation and Land-use Planning

• Land-use planning, perhaps the most powerful
  regulatory tool that can be used to address
  vehicular emissions, is seldom being used by most
  Asian countries
• Governments and development institutions have
  started to place an increasing emphasis on urban
  transportation issues, particularly on public
  transportation
• International organizations have acknowledged the
  direct relationship between climate change
  mitigation and the promotion of public
  transportation and have initiated several
  projects on this
• Several countries in Asia have now started to
  develop sustainable urban transportation policies
  promoting public transportation, i.e. Bus-rapid
  transit
• In China, the Vice Minister of Construction, Qui
  Baoxing, has ordered city authorities to improve
  and maintain cycling facilities and in to order
  to restore the countrys title as the "kingdom of
  bicycles"

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Paradigm shift in urban transportation planning
(1)
Seoul - Asias Big Dig
The 6-lane Cheonggyecheon highway will soon be
transformed into a riverscape
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Paradigm shift in urban transportation planning
(2)

• Nihonbashi, one of the main historic areas in
  Tokyo sits oppressed under an eight-lane
  expressway
• It was once the point from which distances in
  Japan were measured
• A government project is now looking at ways to
  restore Nihonbashis old look
• The recommendation is to transfer 2km of the
  Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway underground and
  create space along the river for waterside life
• The committee looking at this issue believe that
  restoring the Nihonbashi area's cityscape to its
  original state serves as a basic guideline for
  urban renewal plans to be put together in the
  future

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China and India Urban Transportation Policy

• Both China, P.R. and India have developed
  policies that call for the integration of
  transport system plans with urban development,
  equitable allocation of road space and increased
  investments on public transportation, including
  BRT, rail and non-motorized transportation
• The National Development and Reform Commission
  (NDRC) Guideline states that the 11th Five-Year
  Plan of China, P.R. which started in 2006 will
  prioritize the development of public
  transportation with mass rapid transit (MRT) as a
  key transport mode in mega cities.
• The 2006 Indian National Urban Transport Policy
  vision is to recognize that people occupy
  center-stage in our (Indian) cities and all plans
  would be for their common benefit and well being
  i.e., invest on more on transport systems that
  encourage greater use of public transport and
  non-motorized modes instead of personal motor
  vehicles

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Conclusions (1)

• Despite considerable progress being made to clean
  the air in Asian cities, cost of air pollution to
  human health and environment remains high and
  public still perceive their air quality as
  worsening
• The perceived failing of measures to manage urban
  air quality could weaken the willingness of the
  public and stakeholders to reduce emissions and
  to comply with air pollution regulations and
  could also discourage decision makers from taking
  action to improve air quality
• The measures taken by the cities to improve their
  existing AQM capability will determine whether
  PM10 and NO2 levels can be reduced

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Conclusions (2)

• The identification of the stage of development in
  terms of AQM capability can assist cities in
  setting priorities and developing strategies to
  strengthen their AQM capability.
• Cities with a relative low AQM capability need to
  focus on establishing or strengthening continuous
  air quality monitoring system and implementing
  basic control strategies
• All cities will need to ensure that their AQM
  systems not only manage the traditional criteria
  pollutants such as CO, NOx, SO2, O3, TSP, and
  PM10 but also fine PM which is monitored as PM2.5
• In addition, all countries should review their
  air quality standards in view of the EU limit
  values and the new WHO guideline values

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This volume is the most current and comprehensive
assessment and comparison of the status and
drivers of urban air pollution in 20 Asian cities
and the Asian region, covering the effects on the
environment, human health, agriculture and
cultural heritage and the future implications for
planning, transport and energy industries. The
book will be formally launched during the Better
Air Quality 2006 (http//www.baq2006.org)
Workshop on 13-15 December 2006 in Yogyakarta,
Indonesia. Cities covered Bangkok, Beijing,
Busan, Colombo, Dhaka, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City,
Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Metro
Manila, Mumbai, New Delhi, Seoul, Shanghai,
Singapore, Surabaya, Taipei and Tokyo Published
by Earthscan with the Stockholm Environment
Institute, the Clean Air Initiative for Asian
Cities, the Korean Environment Institute and UNEP.
For PUBLICATION - Pre-order your copy
today!http//shop.earthscan.co.uk/ProductDetails/
mcs/productID/730
30
Conclusions (2)
Contact Kong Ha kha_at_epd.gov.hk
Cornie Huizenga chuizenga_at_adb.org
www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia