Story Literary Elements

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Story Literary Elements
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Unit Vocabulary

• Genres fiction, non-fiction, drama, poetry
• Stages of plot
• Conflict
• Flashback
• Foreshadowing
• Narrator
• Point of View
• Inferences
• Characteristics
• Setting
• Theme
• Mood
• Tone

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Genres

• What is fiction?
• Made up events and characters
• What is Non-fiction?
• Tells about real people, events, and places
• What is poetry?
• Literature in which words are chosen and arranged
  in a precise way to create certain sounds and
  meanings
• What is Drama?
• Characters and conflicts are developed through
  dialogue and actions

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Understanding Literature Narratives

• Fiction genres
• Novel
• Short story
• Science fiction
• Fable
• Myth
• Legend
• Folk tale

• Fairy tale
• Play (comedy, tragedy)
• Mystery
• Historical fiction
• Adventure story
• Fantasy

• In class we use
• Fiction
• Realistic
• Fantasy
• Traditional
• Non-fiction
• Biography
• Informational
• Poetry

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Nonfiction

• Comprehension of nonfiction
• Identify the authors point of view or
  perspective
• Identify the main idea, primary hypothesis, or
  primary purpose (e.g., to persuade, to inform, to
  analyze, or to evaluate)
• Evaluate the clarity of the information
• Make valid inferences or conclusions based on the
  selection

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Nonfiction

• Identify, where appropriate, an authors appeal
  to reason, appeal to emotion, or appeal to
  authority
• Evaluate the relationship between stated
  generalizations and actual evidence given
• Evaluate organization of a selection
• For informational texts, evaluate the
  effectiveness of their organizational and graphic
  aids

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Nonfiction genres

• Trade Book
• Biography
• Autobiography
• Essay
• News article
• Editorial

• Professional journal articles
• Book review
• Political speech
• Technical manual
• Primary source material
• Lewis and Clark

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Poetry

• Construction of meaning in poetry
• Main idea or theme
• Symbolism
• Tone, emotion

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Poetry

• Poetic elements
• Verse, stanza
• Meter
• Line length
• Punctuation

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Poetry

• Rhyme and Sound Patterns
• Rhyme scheme
• Onomatopoeia - words such as buzz or murmur that
  imitate the sounds associated with the objects or
  actions they refer to
• Repetition of words
• Alliteration - same kinds of sounds at the
  beginning of words
• Assonance - repetition of identical or similar
  vowel sounds

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Poetry

• Imagery and figures of speech
• Personification - Flowers danced about the lawn
• Metaphor - All the world's a stage
• Simile - How like the winter hath my absence been
  or So are you to my thoughts as food to life
• Hyperbole - I could sleep for a year or This book
  weighs a ton.

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Poetry

• Elegy
• Sonnet
• Limerick
• Haiku

• Poetic types and forms
• Lyrical
• Concrete
• Free verse
• Narrative
• Couplet

This is the BEST review site English Poetry
http//www.leavingcert.net/skoool/junior.asp?id14
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Resource and research material

• Reference works
• Dictionary
• Encyclopedia
• Thesaurus
• Atlas
• Almanac

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Fiction
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What is a PLOT?

• A sequence of events that is fueled by a conflict
  within a literary text.
• 1. Exposition
• 2. Rising Action
• 3. Climax
• 4. Falling Action
• 5. Resolution

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The First Stage of Plot Development

• Exposition
• What are the 3 literature elements in an
  exposition?
• 1. Character
• 2. Setting
• 3. Conflict

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Stories are run by the conflict.
Man vs. Man

Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Himself
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External vs. Internal Conflict

• External conflicts are
• Man vs. Man
• Man vs. Nature
• Man vs. Society
• Man vs. Technology
• Man vs. Fate
• Internal conflict is
• Man vs. Himself

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What are these 2 types of conflicts?

• External
• Internal

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What is the next stage of the plot?

• Rising Action
• What is the rising action?
• Where the characters go through obstacles that
  make the conflict more complicated.
• The plot thickens

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What is the next stage of the plot?

• The Climax
• Which is the.
• Turning point of the story.

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The climax is the most exciting part!! Most
intense or dramatic
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Falling after the climax

• Falling action
• Which
• Reveals the outcome of the storys climax

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Finally the conflict within a plot takes us to
the

• Resolution
• Which is where
• The storys final outcome and any loose ends are
  tied up.

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Question

• Does every story follow through a plot diagram
  from the exposition to the resolution?
• No, some stories keep us hanging and dont
  complete to the resolution.
• Name a story like this

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Question

• When a story goes through the sequence of events
  what is it called when a character remembers
  something from their past?
• Flashback

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Question

• When a story offers information that gives hints
  and clues that has the reader thinking something
  is going to happen in the future of the story,
  what is this called?

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foreshadowing
For example, if you hear this
Then you know someones about to get eaten!
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Who brings a Character to life?

• The Narrator or the Point of View the text is
  written in.

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Cornell Notes page 162

• Narrator
• First person

• the person who is telling the story
• The narrator is a character in a work of
  literature.
• Is a main or minor character
• Uses the pronouns I and me to refer to himself or
  herself
• Shares his or her thoughts, feelings, and
  opinions of the characters and events
• Doesnt know the thoughts, feelings, and opinions
  of other characters

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• Third-person limited

1. Is not a character in the story but an outside
   observer
2. Zooms in on the thoughts, feelings and opinions
   of one character

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• Third-person omniscient

• Is not a character in the story but an outside
  observer.
• Is All Knowing that is he or she has access to
  the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of all the
  characters.

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Steps to determining the point of view

• Step 1
• Notice the pronouns the narrator uses.

• I ,me, and ,my ,the story is told by a first
  person narrator .
• he, she, him, and her, the story is told by a
  third-person narrator

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• Step 2 Identify the narrator and the point of
  view

• Ask Who is telling the story?
• FIRST PERSON The narrator participates in the
  action of the story and uses pronouns, such as I,
  we, and us
• THIRD PERSON The narrator is an outside observer
  and uses pronouns, such as he an she.

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• For the third person
• Step 3 Identify third-person omniscient or
  third-person limited.

• Omniscient The narrator knows the thoughts and
  feelings of all the characters in the story.
• Limited The narrator know the thoughts and
  feelings only of one character in the story.

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Practice Think Pair Share

• 1.
• A. Her son in kindergarten told her about a
  mischievous classmate named Charles.
• B. My son in kindergarten told me about a
  mischievous classmate named Charles.
• 2.
• A. When we adopted the little boy, we never
  dreamed we would be such a wonderful gift.
• B. When Bill and Angela adopted the little boy,
  they never dreamed they would find him to be such
  a wonderful gift.

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• 1. The brilliant detective Sherlock Homes and his
  humble friend, Dr. Watson, have solved many
  baffling mysteries together. One of their
  strangest cases began early one morning when a
  terrified young woman came to visit them. She
  said that her sister had been killed in her own
  locked room.
• A. First Person B. Third-person
• 2. When I inspected the room carefully, I
  suspected how the murder had been committed.
  Even though the door was locked and the windows
  were barred, I saw that something small and
  deadly could have crawled in through ventilator
  hole in the wall. Without sharing my ideas with
  Watson, I announced that we would spend the night
  in the room.
• A. First Person B. Third-person

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Red Riding HoodVersion 1

• I skipped up to the door of my grandmothers
  house in the clearing singing out, Are you
  there, Grandma? Then I heard a strange, gruff
  voice bark out, Yes, my child, That cant be
  Grandmas voice, I thought. Cautiously, I
  asked, Why dont you open the door, Grandma?
  The voice replied, I'm sick in bed with a cold.
  Just lift the latch and walk in. For a moment,
  I thought about running home through the woods.
  Then I thought, Maybe Grandma is really sick.
  I lfted the latch and the door creaked open.

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Version2

• Little Red Riding Hood skipped up to the door of
  her grandmothers house in the clearing signing
  out, Are you there, Grandma? Inside, the wolf
  licked his lips, thinking how clever he was.
  Yes, my child, he replied. Red Riding Hood,
  startled, thought, That cant be Grandmas
  voice She hesitated, then she asked, Why dont
  you open the door, Grandma?" Hiding his
  impatience, the wolf moaned, Im sick in bed
  with a cold. Just lift the latch and walk inn.
  For a moment, Red Riding Hood thought about the
  running home through the woods. Then she
  thought, Maybe Grandma is really sick. She
  lifted the latch and the door creaked open.

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Version 3

• The wolf heard Little Red Riding Hood sing out,
  Are you there, Grandma? He licked his lips,
  thinking how clever he was. Yes, my child, he
  replied. There was a silence outside the door,
  then Red Riding Hood asked, Why dont you open
  the door, Grandma? Hiding his impatience, the
  wolf moaned, Im sick in bed with a cold. Just
  lift the latch and walk in. Again there was a
  long pause. The wolf waited, wondering whether
  he should spring out of bed, throw open the door,
  and grab Red Riding Hood before she could run
  away. Then he saw the latch slowly lift and the
  door creak open. The wolf was so pleased with
  the success of his plan that he could barely
  conceal a toothy grin.

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• Minor Characters
• Character Traits

• Less than important character
• Qualities of a character such as personality

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CHARACTERIZATION

• The methods an author uses to reveal a
  characters personality.
• There are two types of characterization.

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Types of Characterization

• Direct Characterization
• The author or narrator makes direct statements
  about a characters traits

• Indirect Characterization
• The author or speaker reveals a characters
  personality through the characters own words,
  thoughts, and actions and through the words,
  thoughts, and actions of other characters.

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Every story needs characters

• People

Animals
Or Creatures
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PROTAGONIST VS. ANTAGONIST

• Protagonist- The central character in a literary
  work around whom the main conflict revolves. The
  protagonist is often the person with whom the
  audience members or readers sympathize or
  identify.
• Antagonist A person or force in society or
  nature that causes a problem for the protagonist,
  or central character.

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The protagonist is the good guy the MAIN
character
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The antagonist is the bad guy or force
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Identify Character Traits

• From
• 1. Direct Comments about the characters
  personality by the narrator.
• 2. Physical Description of a characters
  appearance.
• 3. Speech, Actions, or Thoughts of a character.
• 4. How other characters React to the character

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Types of Characters

• Round character a character the reader gets to
  know very well will show varied and sometimes
  contradictory traits
• Flat character reveals only one personality
  trait to the reader
• Stereotype a character who is not developed as
  an individual, but as a collection of traits and
  mannerisms shared by a group.

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Question on Traits

• Despite her athletic build, sleek clothing, and
  racing bike, Kat never looked smooth or polished.
  She had dirt under her nails from fixing her
  bike, and always chewed a stray hair. She tended
  to stand knock-kneed if she ever stood in one
  place at all.

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Answer

• Trait awkward, fidgety, hardworking,
  introverted, quiet
• How do we know Through the narrators
  description of the characters physical
  description.

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Question

• A natural athlete, Julie had been training for
  the bicycle race for months, for she was
  single-minded and determined beyond her fifteen
  years.

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Answer

• Trait determined, single-minded, serious
• How do we know Direct comments about the
  characters personality by the narrator.

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Question

• She felt she had to prove that she was faster
  than anyone else. But she worried too. If I
  let up for even one day, she thought, someone
  stronger and faster will beat me.

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Answer

• Trait competitive, insecure
• How do we know? Speech, actions, or thoughts of a
  character.

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Question

• Lora pulled up beside Esperanza, breathless from
  riding, but not a hair out of place. Im racing
  next month at fairhaven. Esperanza didnt reply,
  so Lora plunged ahead. I guess youre a racer
  too. Maybe we could, train together? Uh
  maybe, Esperanza mumbled. She hopped back on
  her bike. Lora watched her ride away, feeling a
  little stupid.

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Answer

• Trait Esperanza-awkward, abrupt, loner
• Lora-friendly sensitive
• How do we know?
• How other characters react.

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SETTING

• The time and place in which the events of a
  story, novel, or play occur. The setting often
  helps to create an atmosphere or mood. Setting
  is not just physical! It includes ideas,
  customs, values, and beliefs of a particular time
  and place.

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Theme

• The main idea or message of a literary work.
• Theme is not the subject of the work, but instead
  is an insight about life or human nature.
• There are two types of theme.

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Types of Theme

• Stated Theme- Theme that is expressed directly
  and explicitly. Very clear to the reader.
• Implied Theme Revealed gradually through such
  other literary elements as plot, character,
  setting, point of view, imagery, figures of
  speech, or symbolism.

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A Theme is a universal message or truth about life
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Sometimes implied

• Through metaphor
• Through simile
• Through personification
• Through imagery
• Through tone of voice
• Through symbols

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Implied through simile

• Dream Deferred
• What happens to a dream deferred?
• Does it dry up
• like a raisin in the sun?
• Or fester like a sore
• and then run?
• Does it stink like rotten meat?
• Or crust and sugar over
• like a syrupy sweet?

• Maybe it just sags
• like a heavy load
• Or does it just explode?
• - Langston
• Hughes

Back
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Implied through personification

• Sleeping in the Forest
• by Mary Oliver
• I thought the earth remembered me,
• she took me back so tenderly,
• arranging her dark skirts, her pockets
• full of lichens and seeds.
• ---

Back
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Implied through tone of voice
Back
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Implied through symbols
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Implied through metaphors

• Life is a yo-yo. It's a series of ups and downs.

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Implied through Imagery
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SUSPENSE

• The growing interest and excitement readers
  experience while awaiting a climax or resolution
  in a work of literature.
• To build suspense, an author may use
  foreshadowing as well as a number of other
  literary devices.

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Symbol

• An object, a person, a place, or an experience
  that represents something else, usually something
  abstract. A symbol may have more than one
  meaning, or its meaning may change from the
  beginning to the end of a literary work.

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TONE

• A reflection of a writers or speakers attitude
  toward a subject of a poem, story, or other
  literary work. Tone may be communicated through
  words and details that express particular
  emotions and that evoke an emotional response in
  the reader.

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MOOD

• The feeling or atmosphere that an author creates
  in a literary work. The mood can suggest a
  specific emotion, such as excited or fearful.
  Mood can also suggest the quality of a setting,
  such as somber or calm.

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Irony

• The general term for a literary technique that
  portrays differences between appearance and
  reality, expectation and result, or meaning and
  intention.
• There are three main types of irony.

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Types of Irony

• Situational irony exists when the actual
  outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is
  expected.
• Verbal irony exists when a person says one
  thing and means another
• Dramatic irony exists when the reader knows
  something that a character does not know

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Dialect, Dialogue, Local Color

• Dialect A variation of a standard language
  spoken by a group of people, often within a
  particular region.
• Dialogue Conversation between characters in a
  literary work. Dialogue brings characters to
  life by revealing their personalities and by
  showing what they are thinking and feeling as
  they react to other characters.
• Local Color The use of specific details to
  re-create the language, customs, geography, and
  habits of a particular area.

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Whether youre the reader, or the writer, a great
story includes all these literary elements!!!
foreshadowing
protagonist
Mood
conflict
theme
climax
characters
setting
Plot
antagonist
Tone
point of view