Lean Construction

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• Sustainable Design and Built Environment
• By Engr. Dr. Attaullah Shah

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Sustainable design
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Islamic teachings and Environment

• We made from water everything living (Quran
  2130)
• Have We not made the earth sustainable
  (receptacle, have a self sufficiency), For the
  living and the dead. (Quran.77/ 25-26)
• And the earth We have spread out (Like a
  carpet) set thereon Mountains firm and
  immovable And produced therein all kinds of
  things in due balance. And We have provided
  therein Means of subsistence,for you And for
  whose sustenance Ye are not responsible.
  (1519-20)
• It is He who produceth Gardens, with trellises
  And without, and dates, And tilth with produce Of
  all kinds, and olives And pomegranates, Similar
  (in kind) And different (in variety) Eat of
  their fruit In their season, but render The dues
  that are proper On the day that the harvest Is
  gathered. But waste not By excess for God Loveth
  not the wasters. (6141)
• "If any Muslim plants any plant and a human being
  or an animal eats of it, he will be rewarded as
  if he had given that much in charity." (Sahih
  Al-Bukhari, 841)

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• The Prophet, peace be upon him, said And to
  remove a harmful thing from the way is also
  sadaqah (a charity). (Al-Bukhari and Muslim.)
• "If the Hour is about to take place while any one
  of you has a sapling in his hand, which he can
  cultivate before it takes place, let him
  cultivate it for he will be rewarded for it.(
  Prophet PBUH)
• The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)
  says "Allah is beautiful and He loves the
  beautiful."
• Allahs Messenger said the right of the road is
  Lowering your gaze, returning greetings, and
  removing harmful things from the road (Reported
  by Muslim).

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Layout of presentation

• Sustainability-Definitions
• New Technologies and Sustainability
• Principles of Sustainable design in built
  environment
• Lean Construction principles

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Sustainability

• Sustainable development generally thought of as
• "development that meets the needs of the present
  without compromising the ability of future
  generations to meet their own needs." 
• definition developed by the Bruntland Commission
  in 1987
• Another concept, thought to be more
  solutions-oriented, more inspirational
• Sustainable development is a very simple idea.
  It is about ensuring a better quality of life for
  everyone, now and for generations to come.
• Proctor Gamble

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Sustainability

• The dimensions of sustainability are not
  independent of one another, but instead
  intertwine in the tradeoffs that are inherent in
  any engineering decision.
• Interrelationships among dimensions create the
  complexity inherent in sustainable engineering
  design and decision making.
• Perfect sustainability for the earth system is
  (theoretically) possible
• as long as the inhabitants of Earth consume less
  energy than supplied by the solar energy budget
  as long as the sun continues to shine.

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Sustainability and Technology

• Technology plays a very important role in
  sustainable development because it is one of the
  most significant ways in which we interact with
  our environment
• Technologies are used
• To extract natural resources
• To modify them for human purposes
• To adapt our man-made living space
• Technology has created engineered systems that
  have given us drastic improvements in the
  immediate quality of life of many people
• Many of these short term improvements in the
  immediate quality of life have also extracted a
  great toll on the environment
• We need to develop and use technologies with
  sustainability in mind "sustainable
  technologies
• Sustainable technology
• one that promotes a societal move toward
  sustainability
• A technology that fits well with the goals of
  sustainable development

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Sustainability and Technology

• Sustainable technologies must have the following
  characteristics (in addition to meeting
  traditional engineering requirements and
  constraints)
• Minimize use of nonrenewable energy and natural
  resources
• Satisfy human needs and aspirations with
  sensitivity to cultural context
• Have minimal negative impact on the earth's
  ecosystems

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Sustainable Built Environment
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Impact of building on the Environment Law of
Resource Conservation
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Three basic Principles of Sustainable Building
Design

• Resource Conservation.
• Energy Conservation
• Water Conservation
• Material Conservation
• Life Cycle Costing
• Pre- Building Phase
• Building phase
• Post Building Phase.
• 3. Humane Design
• Preservation of Natural conditions
• Urban Design site Planning
• Design for humane comfort

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Future sustainable buildings
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Principle No1 Economy of Resources

• Energy Conservation
• Maximize the use of natural resources on the
  site.
• In temperate climates, open southern exposure
  will encourage passive solar heating
• Deciduous trees provide shade in summer and solar
  heat gain in winter.
• Evergreens planted on the north of a building
  will protect it from winter winds, improving its
  energy efficiency.
• Buildings can be located relative to water onsite
  to provide natural cooling in summer.
• Energy-conscious Site planning
• Passive solar architecture
• Shading in summer, by plants or overhangs
• The wind, or the flow of air cooling and
  hygienic effects.
• High-performance windows and wall insulation
• Reduced heating and cooling loads require smaller
  HVAC equip.

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• Alternative sources of energy
• Solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy systems
  are all commercially available to reduce or
  eliminate the need for external energy sources.
• Electrical and heating requirements can be met by
  these systems, or combination of systems, in all
  climates.
• Day lighting
• Building and window design that utilizes natural
  light.
• Lead to conserving electrical lighting energy,
• Shaving peak electric loads, and reducing
  cooling energy consumptions.
• Day lighting increases the luminous quality of
  indoor environments,
• Enhancing the psychological well-being and
  productivity of indoor occupants.
• These qualitative benefits of day lighting can
  be far more significant than its energy-savings
  potential.

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Passive Solar House design
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• Energy-Efficient Equipment Appliances
• Careful selection of high-efficiency heating,
  cooling, and ventilation systems
• The initial price of this equipment may be higher
  than that of less efficient equipment, but this
  will be offset by future savings.
• Choose Materials with Low Embodied Energy
• The embodied energy of a material attempts to
  measure the energy that goes into the entire
  lifecycle of building material.
• For instance, aluminum has a very high embodied
  energy because of the large amount of electricity
  that must be used to manufacture it from mined
  bauxite ore recycled aluminum requires far less
  energy to re-fabricate. By choosing materials
  with low embodied energy, the overall
  environmental impact of a building is reduced.
• Using local materials over imported materials of
  the same type will save transportation energy.

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Sustainable Building Design
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Future Solar Energy Houses
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• Water Conservation

• Water consumed in buildings can be classified as
  two types
• Gray water Can be easily re-cycled
• Sewage- Need treatment plant
• Reuse
• - Rainwater collection
• Gray water collection
• Reduction
• Indigenous landscaping using plants native to
  the local ecosystem will also reduce water
  consumption.
• These plants will have adapted to the local
  rainfall levels,
• The sprinkler heads should be carefully placed
  and adjusted to avoid watering the sidewalk and
  street.
• Low-flow showerheads.
• - Vacuum-assist toilets or smaller toilet tanks

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Grey water Reuse system
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• Material Conservation

• Material conserving design and construction
• Proper sizing of building systems
• Rehabilitation of existing structures
• - Use of reclaimed or recycled materials and
  components
• - Use of non-conventional building materials

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Design of a Stadium
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Material Conservation

• Adapt Existing Buildings to New Uses
• One of the most straightforward and effective
  methods for material conservation is to make use
  of the resources that already exist in the form
  of buildings.
• Incorporate Reclaimed or Recycled Materials
• Buildings that have to be demolished should
  become the resources for new buildings. Many
  building materials, such as wood, steel, and
  glass, are easily recycled into new materials.
• Use Materials That Can Be Recycled
• During the process of designing the building and
  selecting the building materials, look for ways
  to use materials that can themselves be recycled.
  This preserves the energy embodied in their
  manufacture.
• Size Buildings and Systems Properly.
• A building that is oversized for its designed
  purpose, or has oversized systems, will
  excessively consume materials.

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Principle 2 Life Cycle Design
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Pre-building Phase.

• Use Materials Made From Renewable Resources.
• Use Materials Harvested or Extracted Without
  Causing Ecological Damage
• Of the renewable materials available, not all can
  be obtained without significant environmental
  effects. Therefore, the architect must be aware
  of how various raw materials are harvested and
  understand the local and global ramifications.
• Use Recycled Materials
• Using recycle materials reduces waste and saves
  scarce land-fill space. Recycled materials also
  preserve the embodied energy of their original
  form, which would otherwise be wasted.
• Use Materials with Long Life and Low Maintenance
• Durable materials last longer and require less
  maintenance with harsh cleansers.

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Building phase

• Minimize Site Impact
• Careful planning can minimize invasion of heavy
  equipment and the accompanying ecosystem damage
  to the site.
• Excavations should not alter the flow of
  groundwater through the site
• Finished structures should respect site topology
  and existing drainage.
• Trees and vegetation should only be removed when
  absolutely necessary for access
• Employ Nontoxic Materials
• The use of nontoxic materials is vital to the
  health of the buildings occupants, who typically
  spend more than three-quarters of their time
  indoors.

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Post Building Phase

• Reuse the Building.
• The embodied energy of a building is
  considerable. It includes not only the sum of
  energy embodied in the materials, but also the
  energy that went into the buildings
  construction.
• Where complete reuse of a building is not
  possible, individual components can be selected
  for reuse windows, doors, bricks, and interior
  fixtures are all excellent candidates.
• Recycle Materials
• Recycling materials from a building can often be
  difficult due to the difficulty in separating
  different substances from one another.
• Some materials, like glass and aluminum, must be
  scavenged from the building by hand.
• Reuse Existing Buildings and Infrastructure
• Adoptive Re-use

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Green Architecture and Building Design
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Principle 3 Humane Design
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Preservation of Natural Conditions

• Respect Topographical Contours
• The existing contours of a site should be
  respected.
• Radical terra forming is not only expensive but
  devastating to the sites microclimate.
• Alteration of contours will affect how water
  drains and how wind moves through a site.
• Do Not Disturb the Water Table
• Select sites and building designs that do not
  require excavation below the local water table.
• Placing a large obstruction (the building) into
  the water table will disturb natural hydraulic
  process.
• If the water table is exposed during
  construction, it will also become more
  susceptible to contamination from polluted
  surface runoff.
• Preserve Existing Flora and Fauna
• Local wildlife and vegetation should be
  recognized as part of the building site.
• Native plants and animals will make the finished
  building a more enjoyable space for human
  habitation.

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Urban Design and Site Planning

• Integrate Design with Public Transportation
• Sustainable architecture on an urban scale must
  be designed to promote public transportation.
  Thousands of individual vehicles moving in and
  out of area with the daily commute create smog,
  congest traffic, and require parking spaces.
• Promote Mixed Use Development
• Sustainable development encourages the mixing of
  residential, commercial, office and retail space.
  
• People then have the option of living near where
  they work and shop. This provides a greater sense
  of community than conventional suburbs. The
  potential for 24-hour activity also makes an area
  safer.

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Green Housing
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Design for Human Comfort

• Provide Thermal, Visual, and Acoustic Comfort
• People do not perform well in spaces that are too
  hot or too cold.
• Proper lighting, appropriate to each task, is
  essential.
• Background noise from equipment or people can be
  distracting and damage occupants hearing.
• Acoustic and visual privacy also need to be
  considered.
• - Provide Visual Connection to Exterior
• The light in the sky changes throughout the day,
  as the sun and clouds move across the sky.
• Humans all have an internal clock that is
  synchronized to the cycle of day and night.
• From a psychological and physiological
  standpoint, windows and skylights are essential
  means of keeping the body clock working properly.

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• Provide Operable Windows
• Operable windows are necessary so that building
  occupants can have some degree of control over
  the temperature and ventilation in their
  workspace.
• Provide Fresh Clean Air. Fresh air through clean
  air ducts is vital to the well-being of building
  occupants. The benefits of fresh air go beyond
  the need for oxygen. Continuous recirculation of
  interior air exposes people to concentrated
  levels of bacteria and chemicals within the
  building.
• Use Nontoxic, Non-Out gassing Materials
• Long-term exposure to chemicals commonly used in
  building materials and cleaners can have a
  detrimental effect on health.
• Accommodate Persons with Differing Physical
  Abilities
• One aspect of sustainable design is its
  longevity.
• Buildings that are durable and adaptable are more
  sustainable than those that are not. This
  adaptability includes welcoming people of
  different ages and physical conditions.
• The more people that can use a building, the
  longer the building successful life.

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My Environment Friendly House
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Example of Eco Friendly Design
EPA Research Triangle Park Campus USA
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EPA Research Triangle Park Campus USA
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During construction, 80 of the construction
waste was segregated and recycled - keeping about
20 million pounds of materials out of regional
landfills. By using an on-site concrete batch
plant, EPA eliminated at least 75,000 highway
miles of concrete truck traffic and avoided the
combustion of at more than 10,000 gallons of
fuel. Having the plant at the site also enabled
wastes like crushed scrap concrete to be directly
reused for the project. A few more of our green
construction practices include - No on-site
burning - Aggressive forest protection -
Stringent protection for lakes and streams -
Landscaping debris ground and used on-site as
mulch - Gypsum trimmings recycled or applied as
soil amendments Reflective, white roofing was
also used to limit heat absorption. The white
roof and light-colored exterior walls increase
the building's albedo, significantly lowering air
conditioning costs. In addition to these
architectural features, trees surrounding the
building were left in place to help shade.
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• Computer Centre EPA USA

Welcome
Computer Centre
Labs
Transport
Lake
High Bay
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Green Roofs

• Building Exterior

Exterior
Indoor Environment
Atrium
Offices
Building amenities
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Lean Construction Principles
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The lean principles

• Eliminate waste
• Precisely specify value, from customer viewpoint
• Identify value-stream, eliminate non-value adding
  steps
• Improve value process flows
• Respond to customer requirements
• Customer pull
• Justin-time, right first time

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What wastes are involved?

• Complexity - Complex products harder to
  manufacture, produce more waste
• Labour - Improve assembly line-type techniques
• Overproduction - Produce exactly what is wanted,
  when it is wanted
• Space - Plan efficient use of buildings, plant
  areas, circulation space, both in factory
  environment, and on project sites, buildings
• Energy reduce excess power utilisation,
  unproductive operations
• Defects no mistakes, rework, defects, in
  factory or on site
• Materials avoid scrap, trim, excess or bad
  materials, excess stocks
• Time downtime, unnecessary delays of people or
  machines
• Transport eliminate unnecessary movements in
  factory on-site, no double-handling

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Lean thinking in Construction

• All the previous ideas can be relevant to the
  construction process
• Design
• Virtual Reality, 3d CAD
• Customer can walk through a building at design
  stage
• Use standardisation, pre-assembly techniques
• Design build contracts
• Production Planning
• Benchmarking to find best in class
• Clear, stable project programmes
• Critical path analysis
• Risk management

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Lean Construction

• Lean Construction is a term which comes from
• Lean thinking, a philosophy, derived from
  lean manufacturing techniques
• Lean manufacturing pioneered by Toyota
• It is all about elimination of muda waste
• Covers all activities process which consume
  resources, but do not add value to the product
• Focuses on customer needs
• Lean Construction is a therefore a production
  management approach to project delivery a new
  way to design and build capital facilities

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Lean Construction

• Project plans, systems approach
• Defined construction methods
• Agreed by all parties
• Communicated to all interested parties
• Revisions minimised, kept up-to date
• Train the workforce
• tool-box talks, Health safety
• Multi-skilling, flexibility
• Progress reports
• Commitment to improve

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Related areas to Lean Construction

• Lean thinking and lean construction lead to use
  of standardised products, and pre-assembly
  techniques
• Standardisation-Extensive use of components,
  methods or processes in which there is
  regularity, repetition, and a background of
  successful practice
• WHY does Construction industry need it?
• Too many unique components products
• Lack of thorough design
• Not enough testing
• Customer requires better guarantees of
  serviceability

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Benefits of Standardisation

• Improved predictability
• Shorter lead times
• Improved product reliability
• Improved quality
• Lower costs
• Reduced waste scope for re-cycling
• Ease of maintenance

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Different types of standardisation

• Generic
• Is by nature standard, - steel concrete plaster
• Is ISO certified, etc
• National
• National standards for brick sizes, etc
• Client
• Client wants the same product throughout its
  business
• Tesco, Body Shop, McDonalds, etc
• Supplier
• Standard product ranges sizes for components
• Project
• Design team decisions re dimension grids,
  modules, etc

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Modularisation or Volumetric pre-assembly

• NOTE There is often confusion about these
  terms, some magazines refer to them as being the
  same.
• Volumetric Pre-assembly
• Complete fitted out unit, eg kitchen or bathroom,
  lift shafts assembled before being placed in
  final position
• Often produced under factory conditions
• Modular buildings
• Whole building consists of modular units
• Hotels, schools, army barracks

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Supply chain management

• Lean manufacturing requires new attitudes input
  from suppliers, closer relationships
• Cooperation planning
• Partnering, shared business strategies
• Open-book accounting
• Performance standards
• Continuous improvement
• Networking

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Partnering is..

• Partnering is a new philosophy of parties working
  together, who might previously had a more
  antagonistic relationship
• Is a win-win relationship
• Has become important way in which contractors
  SELL and clients PROCURE construction services
• Partnering is a strategy to increase repeat
  business
• Partnering can be a means of increasing levels of
  client satisfaction
• Can provide a more stable workload
• Partnering is NOT a contract form

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Wider implications of partnering

• Partnering is not just a concept for contractors
  and clients, or a narrow view of procurement
• What about suppliers manufacturers?
• The supply chain
• Managing the supply chain requires commitment by
  many different parties with common interests
• Concept of Lean production
• Just in time, right first time
• Egans views on learning from other industries

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Conclusion

• Sustainable development is the need of the day.
• The resource conservation, reducing life cycle
  costing and enhancing the users comfort in the
  design of built environment can lead to pollution
  free and sustainable design and construction
• Lean Construction is an endeavor to save the
  natural resources in the design, construction
  operation and maintenance of built facilities.
  This in turn leads to sustainability in
  construction.