www.360degrees.org

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www.360degrees.org

• May 15, 2001

2
Where are We Now?

• An estimated 5.1 of all persons in the U.S. will
  be confined in a State or Federal prison at some
  point during their lifetime.
• Men have an overall 9.0 chance
• Women a 1.1 chance
• Blacks 16.2 chance
• Hispanics 9.4 chance
• Whites 2.5 chance

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Prison Populations

• Current Prison Populations
• 131,496 inmates in Federal Prisons
• 1,179,214 in State Prisons
• 621,149 in local jails
• The Nations inmate population is projected to
  reach 2 million by late 2001.

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The Mutual Pledge System and the Common Law -
601-1500

• Feudalism takes hold at the beginning of the 8th
  Century and then declines between 1150 and 1500.
• Under Feudalism, disputes were handled informally
  usually through the exchange of monies.
• When a dispute could not be handled economically
  or the offender did not have economic means to
  settle the dispute, corporal punishment and
  public shaming was used.
• The assumption at this time was that violent
  criminals were possessed.
• Evidence as we know it today was not needed the
  goal of the ordeal was to expunge the demons.

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The Mutual Pledge System and the Common Law -
601-1500

• As England become more urbanized there becomes a
  need to manage disputes more formally.
• Around 1100 the first book of English common law
  is published.
• With the development of the common law came a
  need to identify guilty individuals using some
  form of evidence.
• It was at this time that the jury developed
  (1200).
• The assumption of the time was that there was
  fact and that a rational process could uncover
  those facts.

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The Protestant Work Ethic1500-1607

• During this time there was a significant
  dichotomy between types of punishment.
• Corporal punishment was still widely used with
  serious, violent, and personal crimes.
• The purpose of punishment now becomes deterrence.
• Work houses were used for those persons convicted
  of property crimes, and other nuisance crimes.
• The goal of the work houses was to reform
  individuals through work.
• Work houses were mainly reserved for the lower
  classes.
• Although corporal punishment continued, the
  private workhouse signaled a separation of
  society from its criminals.

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The Enlightenment1607-1776

• The enlightenment the age of reason is a major
  political movement that argues that reason can be
  used to find the truth.
• Out of this period developed what we know of
  today as classical criminological theory.
• Scientific reasoning and objective thought
• Assumption that government should provide the
  greatest good for the greatest number of people.

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Cesare Beccaria

• 1764 On Crimes and Punishments
• Assumption that people are rational and that they
  act out of free will.
• Individuals balance the positives and negatives
  of criminal activity and make a rational choice.
  Cost Benefit analysis.
• To deter crime we must make the costs outweigh
  the benefits. He argues that swift and certain
  punishment are the key to deterrence.

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The Dawn of the Prison1776-1784

• 1789 - Bentham and the Panopticon
• a place where everything is seen
• This type of prison was never developed during
  his lifetime but influenced correctional design
  for centuries.
• 1773 Newgate Prison in Connecticut
• This is one of the first prisons used to house
  people for a long period of time.
• No longer are people just held for pre-trail
  punishment incarceration represents retribution
  sentences range from a few years to life.

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Models of Punishment

• The Pennsylvania system
• Developed based on the Quaker model of repentance
  and reform
• All inmates live is complete isolation and only
  religious teachings and visitors are allowed
• The Auburn system
• This model emphasizes hard work which is deemed
  the true way to repent and to be rehabilitated
• Unlike the Pennsylvania model, the auburn model
  allows people to work in groups but all work
  must be done in complete silence
• This prison system was also the first to develop
  inmate classification systems.

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Institutions and Disorder1828-1865

• Prisons become the primary form of punishment
  during this era.
• Unfortunately, the penitentiary becomes so
  popular that institutions become overcrowded and
  riotous.
• Most prisons are built based on the Auburn
  system, but the overcrowding becomes so intense
  that prisons become warehouses.
• The first non-public hanging is held in 1864

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The Big House1917-1945

• 1930 The Federal Bureau of Prisons is
  developed.
• 26,000 inmates were incarcerated in the Federal
  System.
• 1933 Alcatraz is developed into a Federal
  Prison.
• During this time there is a movement to develop
  correctional institutions.
• The prisons are now developed on the medical
  model.

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Riots and Rebellion1945-1960

• The field of sociology gains substantial
  prominence during this period
• Sociologists begin to study subcultures within
  the prison
• Sykes (1950), Clemmer (1940) Irwin (1962)
• The work of sociologists brought to light the
  need for programming within the prison
• Correction rehabilitation remains the norm until
  the 70s
• 1954 the American prison association becomes
  the American correctional association

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The War on Drugs1970-1980

• September 9, 1971 Attica Riots
• This riot is a symptom a the current correctional
  system most prisons are old and crowded.
• In 1972, as a result of Furman v. Georgia, the
  Supreme Court rules the death unconstitutional
  for the first time.
• In 1976, the Supreme Court overturns its
  controversial 1972 ruling against capital
  punishment after hearing the case of Gregg v.
  Georgia
• Nothing Works
• Fall of the rehabilitative era