Experienced Emotion Module 42

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Experienced EmotionModule 42
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Experienced Emotion
Izard (1977) has isolated 10 emotions. And most
of them are present in infancy, excluding
contempt, shame and guilt.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit
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Effects of Facial Expression

• Expressions communicate emotion, but also amplify
  and regulate it.
• Subtly inducing students to frown caused students
  to feel a little angry.
• Just activating one of the smiling muscles by
  holding a pen in the teeth caused people to find
  cartoons more amusing.
• Vaugn and Lanzetta found that students perspired
  more and had faster heart rates when asked to
  make a pained expression whenever a shock was
  given to someone they were asked to watch (1981).

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Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions into two
dimensions
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Fear
Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep
and preoccupy our thinking. But fear can be
adaptive it makes us run away from danger,
brings us closer as groups, protects us
from injury and harm.
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Learning Fear
We learn fear in two ways through conditioning
and/or through observation.
Watson (1878-1958)
By Monika Suteski
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The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. The
amygdala in the brain associates emotions like
fear with certain situations.
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI) at UCLA. Art
and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo
Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI spider art by
Joon-Hyuck Kim
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Anger
Anger carries the mind away, (Virgil, 70-19
BCE), but makes any coward brave, (Cato 234-149
BCE).
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Causes of Anger

• People generally get angry with friends and loved
  ones about misdeeds, especially if they are
  willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
• People also get angry about foul odors, high
  temperatures, traffic jams, aches and pains.

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Catharsis Hypothesis

• Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves
  emotional release or catharsis.
• Venting your anger is actually related to
  increasing it. Blowing off steam may temporarily
  calm us, but increases underlying hostility.
• Ex. 100 frustrated engineers just laid off given
  the opportunity to express their feelings about
  it immediately after eventually exhibited more
  hostility. (Ebbesen (1975).

• Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through
  reinforcement, is habit forming.

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Cultural Gender Differences

• Boys respond to anger by moving away from that
  situation and girls talk to their friends or
  listen to music.
• Anger breeds prejudice. 9/11 lead to intolerance
  towards immigrants and Muslims.
• Expression of anger is encouraged in
  individualized cultures compared to cultures that
  promote group behavior.

Wolfgang Kaehler
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Happiness
People who are happy perceive the world as safer,
make decisions easily, rate job applicants more
favorably, are more cooperative, live healthier,
energized and satisfied lives.
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Feel-Good, Do-Good phenomenon

• When we feel happy we are more willing to help
  others.

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Subjective Well-Being

• Self-perceived feelings of happiness or
  satisfaction with life. Research on new positive
  psychology is on the rise.

http//web.fineliving.com
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Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7
hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more
or less the same over the day.
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Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run our emotional ups and downs
tend to balance. Although grave diseases can
bring down individuals emotionally, in the
long-run most everyone adapts.
Courtesy of Anna Putt
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Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were
wealthier they would be happier. However, data
suggests that they would be happy temporarily.
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Wealth and Well-being

• In affluent societies people with more money are
  happier than people who struggle for basic needs.
• People in rich countries are happier than people
  in poor countries.
• A sudden rise in financial condition makes people
  happy.

But people who live in poverty or in slums are
also satisfied with their life.
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Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health Its utter absence can
breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of
happiness.
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Happiness Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness satisfaction)
measured in 82 countries show Puerto Rico and
Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.
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Values Life Satisfaction
Students who valued love more than money report
higher life satisfaction.
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Happiness Prior Experience

• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Like adaptation to
  brightness, volume, and touch, people get adapted
  to income levels. Satisfaction has a short
  half-life (Ryan, 1999).

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Happiness Others Attainments

• Happiness is not relative to our past but also to
  our comparisons with others. Relative Deprivation
  is the perception that one is worse off relative
  to those with whom one compares oneself with.

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Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than
others?
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After receiving exciting news about the birth of
a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney was easily
persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money
to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates
the

• A. two-factor theory.
• B. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
• C. James-Lange theory.
• D. relative deprivation principle.

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Which of the following is TRUE?

• Money buys happiness.
• Money can only buy happiness if you lack basic
  life necessities before you receive it.
• If you won a large sum of money in the lottery,
  you would always be happier than you were before
  you received it.
• People who value relationships over power are
  less happy than people who want to earn money to
  impress others.

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After the excitement of her promotion wore off,
Karen started to dream about her next promotion
and raise. This illustrates

• A. the Cannon-Bard principle.
• B. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
• C. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
• D. Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singers theory.

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Research has supported the notion that

• A. younger people are happier than older
  people.
• B. highly educated people are happier than
  poorly educated people.
• C. physically attractive people are happier
  than physically unattractive people.
• D. people who have meaningful religious faith
  are happier than those who do not.