The Manor and Law and Order

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The Manor and Law and Order
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Manors included churches, a village, and a manor
house. The land around the manor was used to farm
or as grazing land for animals.
Sometimes, manor houses were castles.
Over time, peasants figured out that a 3 field
rotational method would make use of the most land
and produce the most crops.
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2 Field vs. 3 Field Crop Rotation
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Germanic Law

• Punishment for committing a crime (including
  murder!) was a fine
• If you couldnt pay you would die
• Women were protected under the law
• Name calling was fined
• If you called her a harlot without proof you
  would pay up

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English Law

• English rulers believed there that law and order
  could only happened if the ruled feared the
  rulers
• In order to ensure this fear, harsh punishment
  was given out for every crime

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What could one do wrong?

• Steal- even stealing food would result in torture
• Kidnap
• Marrying a relative
• Violate laws of the Church (witchcraft, etc.)
• Murder
• Committing treason
• Kings couldnt do anything wrong
• They were appointed by God!
• Could do whatever they wanted to whomever they
  wanted

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Punishment

• Imprisonment was expensive
• Killing people would be a quick way to punish
• Torture- often synonymous with death
• Various devices and methods employed
• Death was extreme- scared people into being good

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Torture

• Water
• Fire
• Battle
• If you failed any of these trials if you lived,
  you would endure other punishments

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The Growth of Monarchies
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The English Monarchy

• Anglo-Saxons first united England in the 400s
• Separated into 7 small kingdoms
• Each kingdom had its own laws and customs
• In the 800s Vikings invaded and took over several
  kingdoms- NOT ALL
• Alfred the Great stopped them from taking over
  every kingdom

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The Norman Conquest

• Alfreds descendants ruled England until 1066?
  king died without an heir
• Two men claimed a crown- Harold (Anglo-Saxon) and
  William (Duke of Normandy)
• Harold was named new king because had support of
  nobility
• William was angry

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William the Conqueror

• William decided to take crown by force
• Gathered an army and sailed to England
• Harold and Williams armies fought at the Battle
  of Hastings
• William won- became King William I of England
  a.k.a. William the Conqueror

Bayeux Tapestry 11th Century
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Changes Under William

• Claimed all of the land England his personal
  property
• Split up the land amongst his Norman soldiers-
  created a new nobility!
• Smart move because nobility now owed their
  position and loyalty directly to king (he could
  control them better)
• Created Domesday Book- 1086 A.D.
• Census- told him what kind of people were in his
  kingdom
• Helped William create central tax system in
  England

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French Culture in England

• Nobles and king spread French culture and
  language
• French became language of the upper class
• Lower classes still spoke Anglo-Saxon language
• England linked to French culture for centuries

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English in France

• William was powerful, and kings after him gained
  even more power
• Gained power by adding lands to their kingdoms
• Williams descendants were King of England and
  Duke of Normandy
• When Wills grandson Henry II married Eleanor of
  Aquitaine added even more land

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Powerful French duchess
• Ruled England and half of France along with Henry
  II
• Kings of England were more powerful than Kings of
  France

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Problems With The Monarchy

• By 1200 nobles that king had too much power
• Nobles worries increased under the leadership of
  King John? he lost most of Englands holdings in
  France
• Was short of money so wanted to raise taxes on
  the nobles
• Nobles attacked king

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The Magna Carta

• King had to get consent of the nobles in order to
  increase taxes
• Prevented king from arresting and punish people
  without cause
• Prevented king from taking property without legal
  procedures

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The Magna Carta

• Set forward ideas of limited government and
  executive power
• Even kings not above the law (new idea!)
• Believed to be an important document for the
  formation of modern democracies

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Parliament

• Nobles started another rebellion in 1260s
• King kept asking for approval for taxes, but not
  permission
• King agreed to meet with members of the nobility
  and clergy to discuss issues facing the country
• This practice became the Parliament

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Edward I

• First to define rules of Parliament
• Parliament included nobles, clergy members, and
  representative from every county in England
• Had the power to create new taxes and advise the
  king
• Strengthened Englands central government
• Edward was able to keep his power because
  Parliament had secondary role

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France

• After Charlemagne, kings of France ruled mostly
  ruled around Paris and Orleans
• Nobles had more power and land than the kings
• Capetians- extended power of monarchy in France
  by fighting or striking deals with noble families
• By 1300 ruled most of modern France

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Holy Roman Empire

• Otto the Great rose to power as king of the
  Germans in 936
• Protected Pope so he was crowned Emperor of the
  Romans (962)
• Charlemagnes empire split into two parts after
  his death
• Western part France
• Eastern part Germany- broken up into smaller
  parts

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Holy Roman Empire

• Lands united under Otto the Great Holy Roman
  Empire
• Called holy because had Popes support
• Dukes under Empire kept full authority over the
  lands- king was not as powerful as in England
• Holy Roman Emperor had to have support of the
  Dukes to rise to power and make laws
• Dukes elected the King

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Spain and Portugal

• Growth of monarchy related to religious struggle
• Muslims (called Moors) ruled most of Iberian
  peninsula? civil war weakened them
• Reconquista- Europeans efforts to reclaim
  Iberian Peninsula

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Spain and Portugal

• Kingdom of Castile was the main player against
  the Moors, won at Toledo
• This inspired rulers of other kingdoms, Portugal
  and Aragon, to attack Moors
• Aragon and Castile pushed south until only
  Granada remained under Moorish control
• Moors not completely driven out until 1492
• The rulers of Castile and Aragon married creating
  modern Spain