Give Me Liberty!

1
Chapter 25
Norton Media Library
Give Me Liberty! An American History Second
EditionVolume 2
by Eric Foner
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I. Escalation of civil rights protest

• High points
• Sit-in campaigns
• Origins at Greensboro
• Spread across South
• Founding of Student Non-Violent Coordinating
  Committee (SNCC)
• Freedom Rides
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• Purpose
• Experience
• Outcome desegregation of interstate bus travel

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I. Escalation of civil rights protest (contd)

• Birmingham desegregation campaign
• Climax of region-wide demonstrations
• Leadership of Martin Luther King Jr.
• Letter from Birmingham Jail
• Deployment of black school children
• Brutal response of Bull Connor widespread
  revulsion over
• Impact on public opinion
• Growing sympathy for civil rights
• Presidential endorsement of movement
• Outcome adoption of desegregation plan

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I. Escalation of civil rights protest (contd)

• Themes and characteristics
• Growing involvement of college students, youth
• Vision of empowerment of ordinary blacks
• Commitment to nonviolent resistance
• Multiplicity of organizations, settings, and
  strategies
• Escalation of violent response
• Perpetrators
• Ordinary citizens
• Local and state officials

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I. Escalation of civil rights protest (contd)

• Targets, episodes
• Firebombing, beatings of Freedom Riders
• Mob violence, against desegregation of University
  of Mississippi
• Use of fire hoses, dogs, beatings against
  Birmingham protesters
• Assassination of Medgar Evers
• Deadly bombing of Birmingham church

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I. Escalation of civil rights protest (contd)

• March on Washington
• Magnitude
• As peak of nonviolent civil rights coalition
• Breadth of demands
• Kings I Have a Dream speech
• Glimpses of movements limitations and fault
  lines
• All-male roster of speakers
• Toning down of John Lewiss speech

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The Kennedy Presidency

• John F. Kennedy (JFK)
• Image of glamour, dynamism
• Inaugural themes
• new generation
• pay any price
• do for your country.
• JFK and the world
• New Cold War initiatives
• Peace Corps
• Space race call for moon landing
• Alliance for Progress
• Bay of Pigs fiasco
• Berlin crisis construction of Berlin Wall

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II. The Kennedy Presidency (contd)

• Cuban missile crisis
• Narrative
• Discovery of Soviet missiles in Cuba
• U.S. quarantine of Cuba
• Soviet withdrawal of missiles
• Significance and aftermath
• Imminence of nuclear war
• Sobering effect on JFK American University
  speech
• Nuclear test ban treaty
• JFK and civil rights
• Initial disengagement
• Growing support

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II. The Kennedy Presidency (contd)

• Assassination of JFK
• Shock to nation
• Succession of Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) to
  presidency

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III. The Johnson presidency

• LBJ
• Personal background
• New Deal outlook
• Civil rights under LBJ
• Civil Rights Act
• Support from LBJ
• Provisions
• Voter registration drive in Mississippi Freedom
  Summer
• Concerted civil rights initiative
• Influx of white college students
• Violent reception
• Bombings, beatings
• Murder of three activists
• Widespread revulsion over

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III. The Johnson presidency (contd)

• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
• Crusade for representation at Democratic
  convention
• Fannie Lou Hamer
• Bitterness over Democrats response
• Voting Rights Act
• Background
• Selma-to-Montgomery march
• LBJ address to Congress
• Provisions
• Twenty-Fourth Amendment
• Immigration reform Hart-Cellar Act
• Links to civil rights reform
• Provisions
• Long-term consequences

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III. The Johnson presidency (contd)

• 1964 election
• Right-wing views of Republican Barry Goldwater
• Emergence of Sixties conservatism
• Young Americans for Freedom
• Sharon Statement
• Ideas
• Prominence in Barry Goldwaters 1964 campaign
• New conservative constituencies
• Expanding suburbs of southern California,
  Southwest
• Sun Belt entrepreneurs
• Deep South whites
• Racial overtones of conservative appeal
• LBJs landslide reelection victory
• Seeds of conservative resurgence

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III. The Johnson presidency (contd)

• Great Society
• Goals and philosophies
• Government action to promote general welfare
• Fulfillment and expansion of New Deal agenda
• Eradication of poverty
• Broadening of opportunity
• Lessening of inequality
• New conception of freedom
• Key measures
• Medicaid and Medicare
• Increased funding for education, urban
  development
• Increased funding for the arts, humanities,
  public broadcasting

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III. The Johnson presidency (contd)

• War on Poverty
• Outlook
• Influence of Michael Harringtons The Other
  America
• Emphasis on fostering skills, work habits
• De-emphasis on direct aid, structural remedies
• Input of poor into local programs
• Key measures
• Food stamps
• Office of Economic Opportunity initiatives
• Achievements
• Affirmation of social citizenship
• Substantial reduction of poverty
• Limitations
• Inadequate funding
• Long-term persistence of poverty, inequality

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IV. Evolution of black movement

• Emerging challenges to civil rights movement
• Persistence of racial inequality and injustice,
  North and South
• Diverging perspectives of whites and blacks on
  racial issues
• Ghetto uprisings around nation
• Leading episodes Harlem, Watts, Newark, Detroit
• Kerner Report
• Growing attention to economic issues
• Kings Bill of Rights for the Disadvantaged
• A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustins Freedom
  Budget
• Kings Chicago Freedom Movement
• Demands
• Mayor Richard J. Daleys political machine
• Ineffectiveness of mass protest tactics
• Radicalization of King

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IV. Evolution of black movement (contd)

• C. Malcolm X
• Background
• Black Muslims
• Message
• Black self-determination
• Rejection of integration, nonviolence
• Assassination
• Legacy
• Lack of consistent ideology or coherent movement
• Enduring appeal of call for black self-reliance

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IV. Evolution of black movement (contd)

• Black Power
• Introduction by Stokely Carmichael
• Imprecision and multiplicity of meanings
• Resonance among militant youth
• Place in wider spirit of self-assertion black
  is beautiful
• Militant directions of SNCC, CORE
• Black Panther Party
• Emergence
• Demands and programs
• Demise
• Internal divisions
• Assault by government

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V. Birth of New Left

• Arena college campuses
• Following white middle-class youth
• Spirit and ideology
• Departure from Old Left and New Deal liberal
  models
• Aspects of postwar society brought under
  challenge
• Personal alienation
• Social and political conformity
• Bureaucratization
• Corporate, Cold War outlook of American
  institutions
• Material acquisitiveness
• Social and economic inequality
• Gulfs between national values and realities
• Visions and inspirations
• Authenticity
• Participatory democracy
• Black freedom struggle

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V. Birth of New Left

• Key moments
• Influential social critiques
• James Baldwins The Fire Next Time
• Rachel Carsons Silent Spring
• Michael Harringtons The Other America
• Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American
  Cities
• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
• Emergence and growth
• Port Huron Statement
• Free Speech Movement at Berkeley

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VI. War in Vietnam

• Americas growing involvement (pre-LBJ)
• Outlook of policymakers
• Cold War assumptions
• Ignorance of Vietnamese history, culture
• Fear of losing Vietnam
• Key developments
• Defeat of French colonialism
• Fostering of Ngo Dinh Diem regime in South
  Vietnam
• Dispatch of counter-insurgency advisers
• Collapse of Diem regime U.S.-backed coup

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VI. War in Vietnam (contd)

• Johnsons war
• LBJs initial outlook
• Escalation
• Gulf of Tonkin resolution
• Initiation of air strikes
• Introduction of ground troops
• Increasing magnitude of troop presence, bombing
• Brutality
• Bombing
• Chemical defoliation, napalm
• Search and destroy missions body counts
• Lack of progress
• Resilience of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
  forces
• Failings of South Vietnamese government

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VI. War in Vietnam (contd)

• Opposition at home
• Emerging critiques
• Antiwar movement
• Early stirrings
• SDS rallies
• Themes
• Growth
• Draft resistance
• 1967 Washington rally

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VII. Wider currents of dissent

• Counterculture
• Spread among youth
• College students
• Working class
• Spirit and vision
• Rejection of mainstream values
• Challenge to authority
• Community, creativity, pleasure over pursuit of
  wealth
• Cultural liberation
• Sexual revolution

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VII. Wider currents of dissent (contd)

• Symbols and manifestations
• Physical appearance, fashion
• Sex, drugs, rock and roll
• Be-Ins
• Timothy Leary LSD
• Turn on, tune in, drop out
• New forms of radical action
• Underground newspapers
• Youth International Party (Yippies)
• Communes
• Rock festivals Woodstock
• Hair

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VII. Wider currents of dissent (contd)

• Reawakening of feminism
• Status of women at outset of 1960s
• Legal subordination
• Barriers to power, opportunity
• Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique
• Steps toward equal rights
• Equal Pay Act
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• Founding of National Organization for Women
• Range of demands
• Middle-class character

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VII. Wider currents of dissent (contd)

• Rise of womens liberation
• Roots in civil rights and student movements
• Inspiration of movements ideals
• Indignation against movements inequalities
• Key initiatives
• Protests within SNCC, SDS
• Consciousness-raising groups
• Miss America beauty pageant protest
• Impact on public consciousness
• Expansion of idea of freedom
• Introduction of sexism, sexual politics, the
  personal is political
• Campaigns and demands
• Abortion rights reproductive freedom
• Wide-ranging issues Sisterhood is Powerful
• Growing acceptance of feminist ideas

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VII. Wider currents of dissent (contd)

• Rise of gay liberation
• Traditional oppression of gays
• Legal and cultural stigmatization
• Harassment of gay subcultures
• Stonewall revolt
• Emergence of militant movement
• Out of the closet
• Gay pride marches
• Latino activism
• Chicano pride movement
• United Farm Workers
• Cesar Chavez
• Blend of civil rights and labor struggles
• Grape strike, boycott
• Young Lords Organization (New York)
• Feminist current

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VII. Wider currents of dissent (contd)

• Indian militancy
• Background shifting Indian policies of postwar
  administrations
• Demands
• Material aid
• Self-determination
• Initiatives
• Founding of American Indian Movement
• Occupation of Alcatraz Red Power movement
• Impact

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VII. Wider currents of dissent (contd)

• New environmentalism
• Themes
• Critique of prevailing notions of progress,
  social welfare
• Activist, youth-oriented style
• Language of citizen empowerment
• Initiatives
• Rachel Carsons Silent Spring
• Campaign to ban DDT
• Expanding range of causes, organizations
• Progress
• Bipartisan appeal
• Clean Air and Clean Water Acts
• Endangered Species Act
• Inauguration of Earth Day

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VII. Wider currents of dissent (contd)

• Consumer activism
• Ralph Nader
• Unsafe at Any Speed
• Subsequent investigations
• Spread of consumer protection laws, regulations

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VIII. Rights revolution under Warren Court

• Warren Court
• Reaffirmation of civil liberties
• Curtailing of McCarthyite persecution
• Intertwining of civil liberties and civil rights
• NAACP v. Alabama
• New York Times v. Sullivan
• Loving v. Virginia
• Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
• Imposition of Bill of Rights protections on
  states
• Bars on illegal search and seizure, cruel and
  unusual punishment
• Right of defendant to speedy trial, legal
  representation
• Miranda v. Arizona

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VIII. Rights revolution under Warren Court
(contd)

• Political reapportionment Baker v. Carr
• Reinforcement of separation of church and state
• Establishment of right to privacy
• Griswold v. Connecticut
• Roe v. Wade
• Implications for womens rights
• Source of ongoing controversy

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IX. 1968 climax of Sixties turmoil

• Momentous events around nation
• Tet offensive repercussions at home
• Eugene McCarthys challenge to LBJ for nomination
• New Hampshire primary
• Withdrawal of LBJ
• Assassination of King subsequent urban unrest
• Student revolt at Columbia University
• Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
• Antiwar protests, police riot at Chicago
  Democratic convention

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IX. 1968 climax of Sixties turmoil (contd)

• Momentous events around the world
• Worker-student uprising in France
• Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
• Killing of student protesters at Mexico City
  Olympics
• Comeback of Richard Nixon
• Stages
• Attainment of Republican nomination
• Narrow election victory over Hubert Humphrey
• Independent campaign of George Wallace
• Sources
• Conservative backlash
• Resonance of appeals to silent majority, law
  and order

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End slide
This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set
for Chapter 25
Give Me Liberty! An American History 2nd Edition,
Volume 2
by Eric Foner
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