Persuasive Speaking

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Persuasive Speaking
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Persuade to motivate someone to do something or
believe something.

• Logos reasoning, logic (facts, statistics,
• comparisons, cause/effect relationships)
• Ethos character/credibility of speaker
• Pathos emotion, desires

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10 Emotional Motivations

• Self-preservation the desire to survive and be
  safe.
• Pride desire for self-esteem or a feeling of
  personal worth and accomplishment.
• Personal enjoyment need for beauty, comfort,
  and relaxation.

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Emotional Motivations

• Love and affection to have friends, to share
  life with others.
• Acquisition and savings desire for ownership or
  money
• Adventure and curiosity need for exploration or
  thrill

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Emotional Motivations

• Loyalty and faithfulness patriotism, school
  spirit, civic pride, family, and friends
• Imitation need to conform or fit in
• Reverence desire to look up to someone or
  believe in something.
• Creating urge to invent

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow continued


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Three Types of Persuasive Speeches

• Question of fact argument involves a real event
  or issue that can be viewed as true or false.
• Question of value problem, issue, or matter
  involving a strong opinion or attitude.
• Question of policy problem, issue, or matter
  proposing a change in policy or plan of action.

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Audience Positive

• Definition
• One that shares and supports your opinion.

• Strategies
• Begin by stating your speeches purpose.
• Create a warmth and a sense of community

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Audience Positive

• Use strong emotional appeals.
• Stir listeners to specific actions.
• Show that you appreciate their support.
• Stress your common beliefs, ideas, and
  experiences.

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Audience Neutral/Apathetic

• Definition
• ignorant or undecided about your topic or no
  interest

• Strategies
• Wake up listeners with a powerful opening.
• Identify history, values, and goals you share.

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Audience Neutral and Apathetic

• Relate their arguments to their needs.
• Use strong and authoritative evidence
• Establish your credentials.
• Hold their attention with high interest material

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Audience Opposed

• Definition
• audience not in agreement with you

• Strategies
• Show that you know and respect the listeners
  position. Avoid confrontations.
• Establish common ground before introducing your
  argument.

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Opposed Audience

• Gain their respect by sharing your
  qualifications, experience, background, and
  values.
• Build your argument carefully, taking into
  account possible objections.
• Use evidence they cant contradict.
• Use humor.

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Reasoning

• Inductive reasoning
• specific factsconclusion
• Deductive reasoning
• main argument
• evidence to support it
• Cause/Effect reasoning

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Logical Fallacies

• Begging the question
• Card-stacking
• False premises
• Glittering generalities

• False generalizations
• Non-sequitar
• Unrelated testimonials

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Propaganda

• Transfer
• Bandwagon
• Name-calling
• Loaded words and emotional appeals
• Either/or

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Steps to Writing the Persuasive Speech

• Choose a topic.
• Write a thesis.
• Make points that support your thesis.
• Develop, research, and refine your points
• Write your introduction and conclusion
• Prepare to deliver your speech.

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Creating Your Thesis

• Make a point in a concise, complete sentence.
• Make a specific point.
• Make an original point that few others have made.
  
• Example I will argue that affirmative action is
  not warranted.

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Organizing Your Speech

• Problem Solution Format
• Sequential Format
• Comparison/Contrast
• Cause/Effect

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Problem-Solution Pattern

• Harms/Causes/Solutions
• 1. Establish harms of whatever is the opposite
  of what you are advocating. (ex. Harms of not
  having a dress code when you are advocating a
  dress code)
• 2. Establish causes--whos to blame for X to be
  occurring? (why dont we have a dress code?

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Problem-Solution Cont

• 3. Find solutions to your problem. (How do we
  get school uniforms?)

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Toulmins Practical Arguments

• Stephen Toulmin--British philosopher from
  mid-20th Century--came up with unique ways to
  form arguments--ways that we use in persuasive
  speaking today.
• Claim/Data/Warrant/Backing
• These will be used as your structure for your
  points and subpoints.

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Toulmin Cont

• Claim--Main point supported by the data and
  warrant. (ex. I am a British citizen.)
• Four types of claims--definition, value, cause or
  policy.
• Claim of definition--explain what something
  means.
• Claim of value--judges some quality--will think
  something is pretty or good, or new and
  improved.

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Claims Cont

• Claim of cause--links an effect with the reasons
  for it (a teacher who tells you that if you ace
  the final you will pass the course).
• Claim of policy--try to change action on some
  level.
• Remember, there are overlap between the types of
  claims.

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Data--evidence presented in support of a claim or
set of claims.

• Types of data or evidence can range from
  statistical evidence to anecdotal evidence.
• (ex. I was born in Bermuda.
• Remember, your speech must contain at least five
  (5) different pieces of data/evidence no older
  than 2002.

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Warrant--assumption or idea that connects the
data with the claim in an argument.

• (ex. A man born in Bermuda will be a British
  citizen.)
• Evidence is worthless without warrants!!
• Warrants link the claim to the evidence--prove
  why the evidence matters.

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Backing--must be introduced when the warrant
itself is not convincing enough to the readers or
the listeners

• For example, if the listener does not deem the
  Bermuda example warrant as credible, the speaker
  will supply the legal provisions as backing
  statement to show that it is true that A man
  born in Bermuda will legally be a British
  Citizen.