Chapter 5 Review

1
Chapter 5 Review

• Lost Opportunities The Frontier, the Civil War,
  and Industrialization.

2
Land Policy

• By the middle of the 19th century unsettled land
  in the frontier was clustered into territories,
  owned by the federal government.
• The federal government auctioned off land blocks
  at public auctions, to the highest bidders. As
  long as their bids exceeded the minimum price
  level.

3
Auction Advantages.

• Public auction of large portions of unsettled
  land would keep prices relatively low.
• Would avoid the interference of public
  bureaucracies, that would be forced to distribute
  the land.
• Would conform to tcapitalist ideals.

4
Land Auction-Disadvantages.

• Often enriched wealthy American bidders, as well
  as large railroad companies.
• Did not foster a competitive bidding environment,
  due to the affluence gap.
• Increased the number of land squatters that
  settled on land with no title or deed and were
  forced to farm for short periods of time before
  being run off the land.

5
Land Policy(cont.)

• The Federal Government instituted preemption
  laws that allowed squatters to purchase land at
  federal auctions.
• They lowered they minimum land parcell size from
  360 to 160 to 40 acres.
• Reduced down payments, required to retain
  purchased land to help poorer persons afford land.

6
Racism and the Frontier

• By the mid 19th century Anglo-Saxon (English and
  German heritage) anthropologists determined they
  race was superior to that of the Native American
  and Spanish races.
• They argued that this superiority allowed them to
  conquer the indigenous people and set up a
  perfect democratic and Protestant society

7
Racism(cont.)

• Racist ideals in the 19th century were linked to
  nationalist themes, through the use of a theory
  of Manifest Destiny.
• Manifest Destiny is defined as the God willed
  Anglo-Saxons developing the North American
  continent as a laboratory to show the world that
  Americans could build a Utopian society that
  fused Capitalism, Protestantism, and democracy.

8
Relocation and the Frontier.

• Jefferson, after purchasing the Louisiana
  Territory in 1803, originally intended to allow
  the Natives to remain on their land and sell the
  remaining land to white settlers.
• However, Jefferson adopted a removal policy
  which relocated most Natives who lived west of
  the Mississippi River, far from their original
  homes.

9
Relocation(cont.)

• As time progressed so did white settlers, further
  displacing Native and Spanish-speaking settlers.
• This occurrence often led to violent outbreaks on
  the frontier, such as the battle at the Alamo in
  1836 and the Mexican-American War in 1846.

10
Laborers and the Frontier.

• Laborers were need to grow crops, build public
  improvements such as railroads, as well as work
  mines.
• Slaves were imported from Southern plantations as
  well as displaced Spanish-Speaking population
  being utilized as the majority of the work force.

11
Laborers(cont.)

• Asian immigrants began coming in larger numbers
  during the Gold Rush in 1849
• Approximately 1 million Asains came during this
  time.
• The Immigration Act of 1924 allowed for a
  multitude of Asians to continue and enter the
  frontier area and thus penetrate the workforce.

12
Frontier.

• Speculation and Greed was the legacy of the
  frontier
• Racism played a large factor in the development
  of the frontier.
• Immigration also added to the frontier population
  and its melting pot of races, cultures, and
  policies.

13
The Civil War and Freed Slaves

• An Exercise in Futility?

14
Civil War Fact

• More American lives were lost during the Civil
  War than during World War II battle field
  casualties reflect only one portion of the human
  toll
• Millions of people were dislocated during and
  after the war
• Freed slaves were cast into a society with few
  economic or social supports

15
Origins of the Civil War

• Why was the war fought?
• 1. Northerners fought primarily to
• secure land and political power.
• 2. Nationalism
• 3. Northern desire to abolish slavery

16
Origins Continued

• Had little to do with improving conditions for
  the freed slaves
• The northern frontier was expanding into Ohio,
  Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, which became the
  breadbasket of the nation.
• Federal funds were sought the build roads, canals
  and railroads that connected these areas with New
  England to increase trade.
• New England was using money from the tobacco to
  finance the expanding New England industry

17
Origins Continued

• The North and the South began competing for the
  new land (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri)
• Northerners feared slavery spreading to the north
  because they came from areas dominated by small
  farmers and free labor.
• By the 1850s, many Northerners came to view
  slavery as immoral

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Origins Continued

• Political differences between the three regions
  only made tensions worse
• - New England wanted high tariffs and subsidies
  for ships
• - the frontier areas wanted public money for
  internal improvements and cheap land
• - And the South wanted low tariffs

19
Origins Continued

• From 1787-1850, sections of the new frontiers
  were given to each side, as pointed out by the
  Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of
  1850.
• The North and the South both wanted to maintain a
  balance in the senate so that neither side got
  more powerful than the other
• People began to no longer want to compromise and
  as a result armed conflict between Southerners
  and Northerners began to get increasingly common.
  People were taking the law into their own hands

20
Origins Continued

• The Compromise of 1850 had a provision that
  included a stronger fugitive-slave law that
  denied fugitives the right to a trial by jury and
  if caught, would have to return to slavery based
  only on a claim by a land owner.
• Two major political parties existed in 1850 the
  Whigs and the Democrats, who competed evenly in
  the South
• The Republican party was formed after the
  presidential election of 1865, and quickly became
  the party of the North.

21
Origins Continued

• Leaders of the Republican Party demanded that
  slavery be outlawed
• The Democratic party (the party of the South)
  felt that Congress was lacking constitutional
  authority to make such decisions, leading them to
  feel as though they had to secede from the Union
  once Lincoln was elected in 1860
• In 1861, the South fired the first shot,
  attacking a federal fort in South Carolina

22
Origins Continued

• The primary motivations for the war were
  sectional rivalries, nationalism, and the
  Northerners moralistic ideology rather than a
  desire to help the freed slaves by enacting
  economic and social reforms.

23
Social Policy During the War

• Primary Issue legal status of slaves
• In 1857, the Supreme Court declared that slaves
  and free descendents of slaves were not persons
  and were therefore not entitled to constitutional
  protections or citizenship, even if living in
  free territories.
• Lincoln didnt want to end slavery, but rather
  restrict it to existing slave states

24
Social Policy During the War

• 1863 the emancipation proclamation declared only
  the slaves to be free who were in areas still in
  rebellion against the Union, in an attempt to get
  border states to, such as Kentucky to cease
  hostilities
• The Union Army was the major instrument of social
  welfare, because of its presence in the South

25
Social Policy During the War

• Freed Slaves and those that escaped were in need
  of support. As a result, Camps were set up and
  looked after by the Union Army.
• Slaves were placed in barracks or tents and given
  food and healthcare, but the environment was
  harsh
• 25 of those slaves placed in camps died of
  disease
• Administrators of camps, thought that freed
  slaves were lazy and placed many of them on work
  details on camp fortifications or had them work
  under contract labor on plantations in conquered
  territories

26
Social Policy During the War

• Clothing, food medical supplies and some
  schooling was provided by many Northern
  philanthropic societies who sent groups of
  volunteers to assist the refugees that were
  behind Union lines.
• Programs were developed by government departments
  in the South
• 1. The war department operated the
  camps for the freed slaves
• 2. The Treasury Department controlled
  lands that had been confiscated from
  Confederate landowners

27
Social Policy During the War

• 1862 First systemic inquiry into the condition
  of freed slaves when President Lincoln appointed
  the American Freedmens Inquiry Commission. It
  was put in place to developed new programs to
  meet the needs of freed slaves
• 1865 The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and
  Abandoned Land was established. (AKA Freedmans
  Bureau)
• This agency was placed in the War Department
• Many Army Officials were appointed to the staff
• Because slaves had no land, they were forced to
  work as tenant farmers of sharecroppers

28
Social Policy During the War

• It was eventually ruled that the government
  didnt have the right to take away Confederates
  land, so the land that the freed slaves were
  promised (40 acres per freed male slave) was
  never delivered. Land that was redistributed to
  freed slave in Georgia and Alabama, was
  eventually given back to the original owner after
  the war ended.
• In the meantime, the Freedmens Bureau was able
  to resettle only 40,000 out of some 3 million

29
Reconstruction

• After the war, Lincoln supported a policy that
  restored the Southern States power as quickly as
  possible to keep them from wanting to keep
  fighting
• He appointed military governors in each state and
  promised a return to civilian and Southern rule,
  which required only 10 of the white population
  to vote their loyalty to the Union and to agree
  to end slavery. This allowed would allow
  Southern states to retain laws that kept African
  Americans from voting, as well as other
  infringements on their civil liberties.

30
Reconstruction

• Abolitionists opposed the passive federal role,
  in fear that the South would return to a system
  of quasi-slavery, where African Americans would
  be free, but would not be able to own land,
  resources, or vote
• Up until Lincoln was assonated, he was still
  unsure about suffrage for African Americans and
  was considering voting rights only for the very
  intelligent, and especially for those who have
  fought gallantly in our ranks.

31
Reconstruction

• In 1865, Vive President Andrew Jackson replaced
  Lincoln. Being a Southerner who was anti-African
  Americans, he wanted to turn Southern aristocracy
  into a crusade to develop a political base among
  white monied interests in the postwar South.
• Jackson was willing to let the Southern states
  enter the Union with no requirement that they
  protect African Americans right to vote, or their
  civil rights.

32
Reconstruction

• Southern white leaders who were shocked by
  Jacksons leniency, developed Black Codes that
  limited African Americans ability to move
  around the countryside, restricted their rights
  of assembly and free speech and subjected them to
  whipping for discourteous or insubordinate
  behavior.
• Many Northerners were outraged by Jacksons
  blatant support of the white Southern interests
  that they wondered if the civil was even worth
  the carnage , since the South was going to
  continue to suppress freed slaves

33
Reconstruction

• A Number of Northern states rescinded legislation
  that denied African Americans the right to vote
  as well as other civil liberties
• In 1866, the Democratic party was defeated
• Northerners demanded that a succession of civil
  rights acts be passed
• The 13th Amendment to the Constitution ratified
  in 1865 by Northern states, abolished slavery

34
Reconstruction

• The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 required
  Southern states to include universal suffrage in
  their constitutions before they could be
  readmitted to the Union. The Army served as
  protector of civil rights by passing local courts
• The 14th Amendment ratified in 1868, rescinded
  the provision in the Constitution that had
  counted each African American as only
  three-fifths of a person, giving all citizens
  equal protection under the law. All persons
  then had the right to the protection of due
  process.

35
Reconstruction

• The 15th Amendment, enacted in 1870, established
  universal suffrage of all adult males.
• In the 19th century, a new generation came into
  power in the North and South, a generation that
  barely remembered the Civil War. A wave of laws
  was enacted in the South called Jim Crowe
  legislation, which deprived African Americans of
  their basic civil rights and lasted for about a
  century.
• At thins point in time, immigrants were given
  more rights and freedom than African Americans

36
Reconstruction

• Immigrants
• Given access to cheap land
• Developed small businesses
• Could often read and write
• Established schools
• Were able to work in factories
• Were given free movement for travel
• Formed churches and political groups

• African Americans
• Remained in isolated areas
• Lacked assets such as land and businesses
• Mostly illiterate
• Lacked access to public schools
• Separated from industrial centers
• Trapped in sharecropping system

37
Social Policy and Industrialization

• Kay McGowan
• Social Welfare 340
• October 3, 2003

38
Some facts

• 1860 population-5 million
• lt 20 of Americans live in cities
• The nation ranked 4th in the world in the value
  of its manufactured products
• 1920 population-25 million
• gt50 of Americans live in cities
• the nation ranked 1st in industrial output

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Industrialization Before the Civil War

• Non-agricultural workers were still
• Carpenters
• Blacksmiths
• Shoemakers
• New England developed
• textile
• food processing
• mining industries
• factory based mass production of shoes

40
Absence of work regulations

• Brutal working conditions
• Worked more than 12 hrs a day
• Unsanitary, dark, dangerous, conditions

41
Industrialization in the Golden Age

• Gilded Age- extended from the Civil War to the
  end of the 19th c.
• Massive immigration provided cheap labor from
• 3 million Germans
• 2 million English
• Scottish
• Welsh
• 1.5 million Irish

42

• Nearly 18 million people arrived b/w 1890 1920
• Hungry for cheap labor, industrial actively
  refused any effort to stem this immigration

43
American business environment

• High tariffs
• Minimal safety regulations
• Low taxes were very favorable to entrepreneurs

44
Bad events because of high population

• Typhoid, cholera and malaria epidemics sometimes
  decimated a city
• Dangerous work conditions led to injuries and
  death
• Immigrants were particularly subject to wretched
  housing and industrial exploitation
• Unemployment rates exceeded 25
• 10 of NYC was receiving welfare after the 1873
  recession

45
The failure of regulation

• The nation seemed to be returning to the
  mercantile policies of the colonial period
• Land subsidies to railroads
• High tariffs to discourage imports
• Subsidies to shipping industries and telegraph
  lines
• Public funding of improvements to rivers and
  harbors were motivated by a desire to build
  Americas economy

46

• The federal Govt adopted virtually no
  ameliorative policies during the Gilded Age,
  where the reluctance of the American response to
  social needs was particularly evident
• It was not until the New Deal of the 1930s that
  the federal govt took a major role in social
  policy

47
Herbert Spencer English writer

• Popularized applied society to theories of
  Darwin
• Believed that successful business men possessed
  superior genetic characteristics
• His uses of Darwin theory very poorly done and
  misguided
• No evidence of a superior race but
• He had Americans glorifying business men
• Industrialists now had the perfect environment
  for production

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Happy Friday!

• THE END?