The Civil War, 186165

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The Civil War, 1861-65

• Culture Wars, Past and Present

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Who Won?

• Military conflict- S defensive, wait for
  recognition- N offensive, seize / hold
  territory
• Ideological conflict- 18th Century (Contract)
  Nationalism v. 19th Century (Romantic)
  Nationalism
• - Who gives meaning to the War?

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• Jefferson Davis- statues four counties Stone
  Mountain birthday ban from office Memorial
  Highway
• Lost Cause- D.W. Griffith- Gone with the Wind

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I. Prelude to War

• The Decline and fall of the United States of
  America

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A. Unification of the North

• Economic / cultural empire
• Evolved Liberalism- economic- personal

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B. Conspiracy Theories

• Dred Scott 1857
• John Browns Raid 1859

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C. Election of 1860

• 4 candidates, one result(Lincoln, Douglas, Bell,
  Breckinridge)
• Pro-slave faction permanent minority

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D. Southern Radicalism

• Deep South revoltDec. 20, 1860 South Carolina
  Convention
• followed by MS, AL, GA, LA, TX by February
• Montgomery Convention, Feb. 1861

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• 2. Confederate Constitution - strong states
  rights - no abolition of slavery - Jefferson
  Davis
• Contractual / Lockian emphasis
• Articles of Confederation

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E. Presidential response

• Lame Duck Buchanan
• Abraham Lincoln
• - moderate- Federalist
• What I do about slavery and the colored race,I
  do because I believe it helps to save theUnion.
  

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II. Inevitable conflict?
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A. Why did the North Win?

• Population- 22 v. 6 M- immigration slavery
• Industrialization / infrastructure- Federalism
  v. Agrarianism

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• King Cotton a bust- Victorian Culture

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• Estimation of will- money-grubbing Yankees-
  Just Cause- dominant culture psychology
• Failure of Contract Theory- 5 taxes-
  resistance to draft- reliance on slave labor

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B. Why fight at all?

• Vox populi- Ls 1st Inaugural acquiesce to
  majority will of, by and for the people-
  Madison states rights v. political factions
• Realpolitik- cannot acquiesce to its
  destruction- Jefferson govt. has no life of
  its own

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• Liberalism- govt. agent of reform, liberty-
  democracy expression of positive human nature-
  arc of Western Civilization / Revolution
• Romanticism- Nation as sacred, Divine
  Mission (Puritans)- Redemptive Violence-
  consistent with 1st 2nd Great Awakenings

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• It is not light that we need, but fire it is not
  the gentle shower, but thunder. We need the
  storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake. -
  Frederick Douglass
• Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of
  the Lord
• He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes
  of wrath are storedHe hath loosed the fateful
  lightning of His terrible swift sword. -
  Battle Hymn of the Republic

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C. Legacy

• Federalism prevails- All power flows from the
  barrel of a gun- function as a Nation-State,
  world power
• End of the Agrarian Republic- acceleration of
  economic growth- westward expansion
• Civil War does not create change, but
  dramatically accelerates those taking place.

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III. The Second American Revolution
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A. War and Society

• Era of Big Government- pensions- greenbacks
• R D- priming the pump- business integration-
  agricultural development
  McCormick
  

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• Conscription- 1st Draft, March 1863-
  substitutes- immigrant / racial tension
• Dissent- habeus corpus- Clement Vallandigham
  Copperheads

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B. War changes meaning

• Focus on Union- Platform 1860 Crittendon-
  state issue- Democratic opposition
• Freedmen force the issue- Butler,
  Contrabands- manpower shortages

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C. Road to Emancipation

• Meaning of War- Constitutionality- Antietam,
  Sept. 1862
• Military strategy- Anaconda Plan

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• Moral issue- undercut international
  involvement- tapped into Northern radicalism
• Emancipation Proclamation Sept. 1862-
  limited- revolutionary

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• Self-emancipation- exodus
  
• Black Soldiers- 180 K- J. Davis, General Orders
  111 Dec. 1862- Fort
  Pillow Massacre, 1864

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D. Behind the Lines

• Myth of the Solid South- Mobile food riots,
  1863 unruly women- Southern Unionists
• Role of Women- clerical work male professions
  agriculture- Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton

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• Will social, political gains made during War last
  beyond it?
• - Who wins the ideological battle? (Who writes
  the history of the Civil War?)
• - Will the Nation stay committed
  to Reconstruction?