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Human Evolution

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Human Evolution Chapter 32-Mader Overview Evolution of Primates Evolution of Hominids Focus on Homo Human Variation Humans as a selective agent Early Primates ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Human Evolution


1
Human Evolution
  • Chapter 32-Mader

2
Overview
  • Evolution of Primates
  • Evolution of Hominids
  • Focus on Homo
  • Human Variation
  • Humans as a selective agent

3
Early Primates
  • Prosimians (58mya)
  • Monkeys (35mya)
  • Apes (23mya)
  • Hominids (6mya)

4
First Arboreal Mammals
  • The first arboreal mammals probably resembled
    shrews
  • long snouts.
  • Good sense of smell.
  • Probably nocturnal.
  • Very active.
  • CLAWS

5
First Arboreal Mammals?
6
Eosimias
  • The First Primate?
  • Comparison with tree shrew

7
Prosimians
Lemurs
Tarsiers
Pottos
Loris
8
Tarsier
9
Ring tailed lemur
10
Indri
11
Aye aye what do they sound like? This
12
Slender loris
13
Primate Characteristics
  • What is the major selective pressure associated
    with life in the trees?
  • How are primates adapted to this life?

14
Binocular Color Vision
15
Primate Hands
16
Mobile Limbs
  • Most primates have flat nails as well as
    sensitive pads on the undersides of fingers and
    toes.
  • Many also have both an opposable big toe and
    thumb.
  • Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits allow
    primates to freely grasp and release tree limbs.

17
Other important features
  • Upright posture.
  • Small litter size.
  • Expanded forebrain, larger brain capacity.
  • Advantages?

18
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19
Two main groups of primates
  • 1. Prosimians lemurs, lorises, pottos
    tarsiers
  • 2. Anthropoids monkeys, apes and man

20
Prosimians
Lemurs
Tarsiers
Pottos
Loris
21
ANTHROPOIDS
2. Anthropoids monkeys apes man
  • Monkeys
  • Old world monkeys
  • New world monkeys

Old World Monkey Long snout Close
nostrils Non-prehensile tail
New World Monkey Flat face Wide
nostrils Prehensile tail
22
Taxonomy
  • Anthropoids Hominoids monkeys
  • Hominoids Asian and African Apes Hominids
  • Hominids Humans

23
Proconsul- Ancestor to Hominoids?
24
Proconsul
A skull of Proconsul africanus from the Kenya
National Museum.
25
Selective pressures
  • East Africa Rift Valley

26
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27
Skull Comparisons

28
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
  • 6 to 7 million years ago
  • Flat face like Homo
  • Cranial capacity about the same as a chimp
  • Walked upright

29
Hominids
  • Bipedal primates.

30
To be Human
  • standard primate characteristics
  • upright, bipedal posture
  • much expanded brain
  • well defined sexual dimorphism
  • hidden estrus
  • altered female sexual response
  • extended childhood
  • language
  • society
  • culture

31
Homo erectus, Australopithecus, Human
32
Map of Australopithecine Finds
Map of Australopithecus sites in Africa, with a
focus on the East African rift valley and
limestone caves of South Africa.
33
Lucy Australopithecus afarensis
An Example of Mosaic Evolution
34
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35
A. boisei
A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. robustus
36
Human Ancestors
37
Human Evolution
38
Australopithecus africanus
  • 2.8 million years ago
  • Cranial capacity 460 cc

39
Genus Homo
40
Homo habilis
Brain600cc Handy Man Olduwan tools Speech?
Artists representation of a Homo habilis band as
it might have existed two million years ago.
41
Oldowan Tools
42
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43
Homo erectus
  • Upright Man
  • Larger brain than H. habilis
  • Migrated
  • Acheulean tools
  • More advanced culture?

44
Homo erectus
45
Homo erectus
46
Trends in Skull Development
47
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48
Neanderthals
  • Neanderthal (H. neanderthalensis) skeletons were
    first discovered in Germanys Neander Valley.
  • Skeletons date back 200,000 years.

49
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50
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51
Neanderthal Culture
52
What happened to Neandertals?
  • Coexisted w/H. sapiens for up to 60,000 years.
  • Interbred?
  • Killed off?
  • Outcompeted?

53
Neanderthal Man
54
Homo floresiensis Nature, Oct. 28, 2004
55
Nature Oct 28, 2004
56
Science, Nov 19, 2004
57
Homo sapiens
  • Archaic 100,000 to 35,000 years BP
  • Sometimes called Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens
    neanderthalensis
  • Modern 35,000 years BP to present
  • Anatomically modern
  • Sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens

58
Cro-Magnons
  • Oldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens.
  • Modern humans who entered Asia and Europe from
    Africa 100,000 years ago.
  • Aurignacian tools.
  • Accomplished hunters.
  • Language.

59
Cro-Magnon Man
  • Cro-Magnon humans
  • 1,600 cc cranial capacity
  • Not a different species, just old Homo sapiens
    from Europe

Artists reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man
60
Archaic H. sapiens Culture
  • Art
  • Female figurines
  • 27,000 to 22,000 years ago
  • Called venuses,

61
Archaic H. sapiens Culture
62
Human Variation
  • Responses to the environment
  • Bergmanns Rule
  • Allens Rule

63
New World Humans
64
Sequence of Human EvolutionOne of several
possibilities
Homo sapiens
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