Fourth Week2

1
Fourth Week-2

• Balkan Wars, Macedonia, Tito, Croatia

2
Balkans Today
3
News
4
Yugoslavia
5
Balkan Wars of the 90s

• Bosnia (1991-95)
• Kosovo/Kosova (1998-99)

6
Map
7
Timelines Bosnia

• 1991 Declaration of sovereignty
• 1992 Referendum of independence
• Rejection by Bosnian Serbs
• Rejection by Bosnian Croats
• 1994 agreement with Bosniaks
• 1995 Dayton peace accords

8
Post-Dayton

• Divided into Bosnia-Herzegovina (Bosniak-Croat
  Federation, and
• Bosnian Serb Republic
• EU forces maintaining stability

9
Kosovo

• Historical tensions (myth and reality)
• Religion, ethnicity, language
• Serbian military action (1998)
• Miloevic rejects suggested peace proposals
• NATO leads bombing attacks (1999)
• UN becomes administrator in summer of 1999

10
Map
11
Final comments on film
12
Personal

• Zamira Alexs daughter?
• Kiril his nephew

13
What happened?

• Zamira probably raped by Bojan
• He goes after her again
• She and friend use pitchfork

14
Regression

• Retreat to archaic value systems
• Tribal-patriarchal-patralineal
• Revenge/blood feuds
• honor is cleansed by killing any male member of
  the family of the original offender, and blood of
  that victim then cries out to its own family for
  purification

15
Blood Feud

• Killing shows courage and protects honor of tribe
• Alex killed by relatives
• Killing outside the family leads to endless chain
  of revenge murders

16
Honor killing

• Women property and baby makers
• Women/girls guilty
• Murder by relatives justified
• Relates to Bosnian conflict

17
Issues

• Language barriers
• Cultural barriers
• Easy access to weapons

18
Social disintegration after Tito

• Hospitality (Zekirs grandson)
• Multilingualism (after 1981)
• Old anger resurfaceswhy?
• Poverty? Hope?
• Divisive myth Turkish rule

19
Five Centurie of Turkish Slavery?

• Mid-15th 1912
• Servitude, struggle, liberation
• Explains backwardness, marginalization
• All problems the Turks

20
Restaurant scene the other mythic wound

• Serbian money quarrel
• Violence
• Personal wrapped in national
• WWII animosities, allegiances
• Kaplan discusses all this

21
Bosnian theme

• Alexs photographs of Bosnia
• Taking sides witnesses/causes atrocity
• Theme reinforces warning meaning of film
• Conflict of Bosnian Serbs, Croats, Muslims

22
Film as Fable (with a warning)

• Cycle/circle of violence
• Mistrust, hopelessness
• Us vs Them
• Is it only in the Balkans?
• Kaplan vs. Mazower, Hall

23
Broader issues

• Time does not end the circle is not round
• Not roundpossibility for escape from violence

24
Escape?

• Kiril in the West
• Anne will have baby
• Wedding scene Macedonian, but could have been
  Albanian

25
Yugoslavia
26
WWII Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia

• Who sided with Nazis?
• Who was responsible for purges?
• Chetniks (Cetniks), Ustashe (Ustae), Communists
  (Partisans)
• Father Stepinak
• Tito

27
Post WWII History

• The Federal Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia
• 1945-90
• Six republics, two autonomous regions
• Nationalities related to ethnic origins
• Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenians,
  Montenegrins, and Muslims
• Two autonomous regions, Vojvodina (Hungarian
  links) and Kosovo (Albanian links)

28
Tito (Josip Broz) 1892-1980
29
Biography

• Croat CP work after WWI
• Before war political activity Imprisoned
  1928-34
• Formed Yugoslav Partisan force against Germans
  and Croatian allies during war
• Also fought against Serbian Cetniks (monarchists)
• Took control of country after WWII

30
Post-war years

• For, then against Stalin
• Alternative Marxism, leader of nonalignment
  movement
• President for life in 1974
• Associated with nonalignment and communist
  pluralism during Cold War (1948-87)
• Responsibility for civil war in 90s?

31
Kaplans Balkan Ghosts

• WWII provides many ghosts
• Tito a major presence
• Introduction examples of Balkan violence
• (Caused by the ghosts?)

32
Tito and Me

• Director Goran Markovic
• Released in 1993

33
Film so far

• Communal apartment stressful
• Adulation of Tito (1954)
• Ideological correctness
• Political prisoner (art historian) now working at
  docks
• Schooling praise Tito
• Result enormously heroic figure to children
• Parents cautious

34
Zorans Education

• Home life
• School life
• First girlfriend Jasna
• Idealism, hero worship..where will it all lead?

35
Early History (using Kaplan as starting point)

• Something special about the Balkans?
• More susceptible to violence?
• More susceptible to nationalistic extremes?
• More susceptible to civil wars

36
Croatia Zagreb (Chapter 1)

• Religion and ethnic identity
• Croats vs. Serbs
• Catholics vs. Orthodox
• Little differences strong antipathies

37
Other issues

• WWII relationship with Nazi Germany
• Who did what then?
• Role of the Vatican
• Communism under Tito

38
Croatia

• Feeling of superiority to Serbs
• Connections with Western Europe
• Proximity to Austria, Italy
• Roman Catholic ties
• Resentment under Serb rule in post-WWI age
• Assassination of King Alexander Karageorgevich

39
Fascist connections

• Growth of Ustashe
• Collaboration with Nazis
• Tito equilibrium, but nothing forgotten

40
Religion Early Heroes

• Cyril and Methodius (9th century)
• Rome vs. Constantinople
• Catholicism vs Orthodoxy
• Unification Bishop Strossmayer
• Conflict with Habsburg Empire Vatican
• Secular spirit

41
Religion Divisive Forces

• Separation Archbishop Stepinac
• Croat nationalism piety dogmatism
• Religious zeal
• Accusations?
• Forced conversions
• Willing complicity with Hitlers goals

42
Broader Question

• Complicity of Vatican in WWII atrocities
• Hatred of Communism as justification for anything
• Symbol for Croatian identity, independence
• Martyrdom at hands of Tito

43
Another big symbol Jasenovac

• After Germany and its Axis allies invaded
  Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Nazis permitted the
  fascist and terrorist Ustaa organization to
  found the Independent State of Croatia.
• The Ustaa regime established numerous
  concentration camps in Croatia between 1941 and
  1945.
• The largest was the Jasenovac complex.

44
Balkan Ghosts

• Zagreb
• Sights
• Old City, Esplanade Hotel, Cathedral, St. Marko
  Church

45
St. Marko Church, Old City
46
History

• Importance of WWII
• Nazi occupation
• Ustashe
• Jesenovac massacre
• Importance of Tito
• Post-Tito developments

47
History WWII Legacy

• Fr. Strossmayer
• Fr. Stepinac complicity or not