Skyscrapers

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Skyscrapers

• Jake Fears
• Jonathan Neubauer

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History

• Increase in urban commerce
• Invention of the Elevator (1857)
• Cast Iron framework
• (circa 1848)
• The Bessemer Process

Empire State
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Population of New York
Flatiron Building 1902
Woolworth Building
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First Safe Passenger Elevator

• Haughwout Building
• New York, NY
• 490 Broadway
• Hydraulically actuated lift

Chrysler Building
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Rockefeller Center
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Bessemer Process

• At first, air was injected into molten steel to
  reduce the impurities, and increase the
  temperature of the steel
• Later, carbon and manganese were added to
  improved the strength, and eliminate the effects
  of other impurities, mainly sulfur
• High volume, cheap, strong steel was the result

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What is a Skyscraper ?

• Must be taller than it is wide
• Is generally a building over
• 10 stories

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Comparison
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Prominent Towers in New York
Chrysler Building
Trump Tower
World Trade Center
Metlife Building
Empire State Building
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Prominent Towers in Hong Kong
Bank of China
Central Plaza
Pacific Place
Cheung Kong Center
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Prominent Towers in other cities
Bank of America Dallas, Texas
John Hancock Tower, Boston, Mass.
Sears Tower, Chicago, IL.
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Prominent Towers in othercities, continued..
Commerzbank Frankfurt, Germany
Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE
Petronas Twin Towers Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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The Future of Skyscrapers, Under Construction
(completion date)
Taipei Financial Center 101 stories, under
construction (est. 2003)
Shanghai World Financial Center (est. 2006)
7 South Dearborn Chicago IL. 1,550 ft. (est.
2004)
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The future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams
X-Seed 4000, 13000 feet, over 1 million people
Roxas Triangle Manila, Philippines
The Illinois, Frank Lloyd Wright 1 mile high
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The Future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams continued
Russia Tower, Moscow 126 stories
The Ultima Over 2 miles high
Millenium Tower, Tokyo, Proposed offshore city
840 m, 170 stories
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The Future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams continued
Kowloon MTR Tower, Hong Kong 1575 feet
Miglin-Beitler Tower, Chicago, IL Over 140 stories
Bionic Tower, Shanghai 100,000 people 3,700 ft,
300 floors
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Conclusion

• Buildings are getting taller and larger at an
  increasing rate.
• Advances in metallurgy, elevators, foundations
  and computer design techniques are pushing the
  limit, all based upon what history has proven.

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Online Resources

• www.som.com - Architects, Engineers
• www.worldstallest.com/95.html - Skyscrapers
• www.skyscrapers.org - The Skyscraper Museum
• www.fosterandpartners.com - Architects