THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION

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THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION

• 1910-1920

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WHY?

• The seeds of the Mexican Revolution were planted
  in the soil of economic growth in the late 19th
  and early 20th centuries.
• The uneven distribution of wealth, uneven
  distribution of land, tied together into the
  formation of a society ruled by the elite, and
  paid for by the work of the peasant class.

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1810-1821 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

• MEXICO OVERTHROWS SPAIN
• 1821-PLAN OF IGUALA PROMISES EQUALITY FOR
  CITIZENS AND PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF THE
  CATHOLIC CHURCH.

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Colonial rule independence

• Ancient Amerindian civilizations
• 3 centuries of Spanish rule
• war of independence 1810 - 1821

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1824

• CONSTITUTION THAT ESTABLISHES MEXICO AS A
  REPUBLIC WITH A FEDERAL SYSTEM.
• 1836- TEXAS REPUBLIC BECOMES INDEPENDENT.
• 1846-1848- MEXICAN WAR WITH U.S.- MEXICO LOSES
  HALF OF TERRITORY

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War between Mexico U.S.

• US invaded in 1847
• Mexico City was occupied
• Mexican lost most of its territory

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1854-1861-WAR OF REFORM

• BENITO JUÁREZ AND OTHER LIBERALS OVERTHROW SANTA
  ANNA (REVOLUTION OF AYUTLA)
• 1857- CONSTITUTION DRAFTED FEDERAL
  SYSTEM-UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE- DENOUNCED BY
  CONSERVATIVES. THIS LEADS TO CIVIL WAR.

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LIBERALS WIN THE WAR-1861

• BENITO JUÁREZ ZAPOTEC INDIAN FROM OAXACA-
  PRESIDENT.
• CONSERVATIVES FLEE (MANY TO EUROPE)
• MEXICO IN TERRIBLE DEBT. JUÁREZ DECLARES A 2
  YEAR MORATORIUM ON FOREIGN DEBTS UNTIL COUNTRY
  COULD GET ON ITS FEET.

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SPANISH/ FRENCH/ BRITISH

• SEND ARMIES IN DECEMBER 1861-TAKE CONTROL OF
  VERACRUZ- FOR DEBT COLLECTION.
• BRITISH AND SPANISH WITHDRAW WHEN JUAREZ
  CONVINCES THEM OF HIS INTENTIONS TO PAY.
• FRENCH STAY

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NAPOLEION II-FRENCH INTERVENTION

• WANTS TO ESTABLISH EMPIRE
• 30,000 FRENCH TROOPS ENTER MEXICO CITY
• ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN SET UP AS EMPEROR (HAPSBURG)
• MAXIMILLAN WAS MORE LIBERAL THAN CONSERVATIVE

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1866-RESTORED REPUBLIC

• FRANCE WITHDRAWS TROOPS
• MAXIMILIAN EXECUTED
• JUAREZ REGAINS POWER
• INSTITUTION OF MANY REFORMS IN FISCAL POLICIES
  AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
• JUAREZ REELECTED IN 1872-THEN DIES.

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LERDO DE TEJADA 1872-1876

• TRIES TO IMPOSE HIMSELF FOR ANOTHER TERM
• OVERTHROWN BY PORIFIRO DIAZ

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In 1876PORFIRIATO

• PORFIRIO DIAZ CAME TO POWER IN MEXICO.
• HE WOULD RULE UNTIL 1911.
• HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH,
  INDUSTRIALIZATION, MODERNIZATIONAND LITTLE
  REGARD FOR HUMAN RIGHTS.

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ORDER FOLLOWED BY PROGRESS

• DIAZ, ALTHOUGH CLAIMING TO BELIEVE IN THE NO
  CONSECUTIVE TERM RULE CONTAINED IN THE
  CONSTITUTION, ONLY RELINQUISHED HIS RULE ONE
  TIME, AFTER HIS FIRST YEARS IN OFFICE. FROM THEN
  ON HE MANIPULATED EVERY ELECTION---FOR THE GOOD
  OF MEXICO.

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PORFORIO

• MEXICO SAW GREAT GAINS IN INFRASTRUCTURE, AND
  INDUSTRY, AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT, PARTICULARLY BY
  THE U.S.
• NO FREEDDOM OF THE PRESS
• LAND , WEALTH, AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION WAS
  LIMITED TO A SMALL GROUP OF ELITE.

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DIAZ

• In 1908, Diaz gave an interview to James
  Creelman, in which ha stated that Mexico was
  ready for democracy. He said he would step down
  and allow others to compete for the presidency.
• He changed his mind, however, when the
  possibility of a new leader seemed to cause
  disruption.
• He ran again in 1910- and was sure he could
  control the results as in the past.

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FRANCISCO I. MADERO

• EDUCATED IN EUROPE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF
  CALIFORNIA
• DECIDED TO RUN AGAINST MADERO.
• SIMILAR IN IDEOLOGY- BUT WANTED MORE POWER FOR
  THE ELITE IN POLITICS.

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DIAZ AGAIN

• WHEN DIAZ REALIZED THE GROWING POPULARITY OF
  MADERO, HE HAD MADERO JAILED ON CHARGES OF
  CONSPIRACY TO OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT
• ELECTION DAY- MADERO WAS IN JAIL
• DIAZ WON

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BEGINNING OF REVOLUTION

• MADERO RELEASED- WENT TO U.S.
• OCTOBER 5, 1910- ISSUES A LETTER FROM JAIL
• PLAN DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ- CALLING FOR FREE
  SUFFRAGE AND NO RE-ELECTION
• CALLED THE DIAZ REGIME ILLEGAL-CALLED FOR
  REVOLT- NOVEMBER 20

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• MADERO MADE VAGUE PROMISES OF AGRARIAN REFORM
• HE RECEIVED SUPPORT OF PEASANT CLASS
• HIS OWN ARMY- WITH SUPPORT OF THE INDIANS HAD
  SOME SUCCESS AGAINST THE DÍAZ ARMY.
• OTHER REVOLUTIONARIES JOINED.

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PASCUAL OROZCO/ ABRAHAM GONZÁLEZ

• FORMED A MILITARY ALLIANCE IN THE NORTH.
• OTHER ALLIANCES FORMED

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PANCHO VILLA in the North

• Doroteo Arango Arámbula BETTER KNOWN AS
  FRANCISCO PANCHO VILLA
• As commander of the División del Norte (Division
  of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of
  the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, which,
  due to its size, mineral wealth and proximity to
  the United States of America gave him great
  popularity.
• He was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913
  and 1914.

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VILLISTAS

• VILLA AND HIS SUPPORTERS USED PROPAGANDA/
  INTIMIDATION (FIRING SQUADS)
• SEIZED HACIENDA LAND AND DISTRIBUTED IT TO THE
  POOR/ SOLDIERS
• ROBBED TRAINS/ PRINTED FAKE MONEY

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THE CENTAURO OF THE NORTH

• VILLAS GROUP MOVED FAST- USING TRAINS/ AND AN
  ELITE CAVALRY UNIT LOS DORADOS (THE GOLDEN ONES)
• AS A COLORFUL FIGURE, VILLA CAPTURED THE EYE OF
  THE MEDIA AND DEVELOPED AN ALMOST CULT FOLLOWING

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VILLA AND OROZCO

• WON CONTROL OF CUIDAD JUAREZ- BORDERING THE RIO
  GRANDE
• MAY 21, 1911
• TREATY OF CUIDAD JUÁREZ

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EMILIO ZAPATA in the South

• STATE OF MORELOS
• Born August 8, 1879, in Anenecuilco, Morelos. Was
  a mediero (sharecropper) and horse trainer.
  Conscripted into the army for seven years
  attaining the rank of sergeant. As president of
  the village council, he campaigned for the
  restoration of village lands confiscated by
  hacendados. His slogan was "Tierra Y Libertad."
  Zapata sided with Madero. .

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Tierra y Libertad!

• Between 1910 and 1919, Zapata continued his fight
  for land and liberty, rebelling against anyone
  who interfered with his Plan of Ayala which
  called for the seizure of all foreign owned land,
  all land taken from villages, confiscation of
  one-third of all land held by "friendly"
  hacendados and full confiscation of land owned by
  persons opposed to the Plan of Ayala.

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HUERTA
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VENUSTIANO CARRANZA

• AS PRESIDENT, HE ORGANIZED THE CONVENTION THAT
  WROTE THE CONSTITUTION OF 1917 THAT IS STILL IN
  PLACE TODAY.
• EJIDO- AGRARIAN LAND COOPERATIVE REFORM-
  REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND FROM WEALTHY TO THE
  PEASANTS

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• PRI PARTY DOMINANT PARTY FOR 71 YEARS UNTIL
  VICENTE FOX OF THE PAN PARTY WAS ELECTED.

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VOCABULARY

• CAUDILLO- CHARISMATIC POPULIST LEADER, WARLORD,
  TOTALITARIAN RULER (DEMAGOGUE)