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M366: Natural and artificial intelligence

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Title: M366: Natural and artificial intelligence


1
M366 Natural and artificial intelligence
  • 8 credits course, one semester
  • Pre-requisite course M263
  • Two TMAs (20), one MTA(30) and one final exam
    (50)
  • Like any other AOU course, to pass the course you
    have to get
  • A Minimum of 40 on the CA (TMA and MTA)
  • A Minimum of 40 on the final exam
  • A Minimum of 50 for the average of the CA and
    the final

2
Course Structure
  • The course is divided into six blocks
  • A total of 17 units
  • Block 1 intelligent machines
  • Unit 1 Machines, minds and computers
  • Block 2 Symbolic intelligence
  • Unit 1 Fundamentals of symbolic AI
  • Unit 2 Search
  • Unit 3 Symbolic AI in the world
  • Unit 4 Has symbolic AI failed

3
Course Structure the units
  • Block 3 Natural intelligence
  • Unit 1 Natural intelligence
  • Unit 2 Mechanism of natural intelligence
  • Unit 3 Interaction and emergence in swarms
  • Unit 4 Interaction, emergence, adaptation and
    selection in individuals
  • Block 4 Neural networks
  • Unit 1 Mechanism
  • Unit 2 Layers and learning
  • Unit 3 Unsupervised learning in layers and
    lattices
  • Unit 4 Its about time recurrence, dynamics and
    chaos

4
Course Structure the units
4
  • Block 5 Evolutionary computation
  • Unit 1 Unleashing the gene genie, an introduction
    to evolutionary algorithms
  • Unit 2 Genetic algorithms
  • Unit 3 Artificial evolution
  • Block 6 Reflections
  • Unit 1 Intelligence, mind and consciousness

5
Block I, Unit 1 Machines, minds and computers
  • This unit has two main aims
  • Reviewing the development of human thinking about
    machines and our mental ability
  • Presenting historical and technical issues that
    lead to Cybernetics and Symbolic AI

6
Block I, Unit 1 Machines, minds and computers
6
  • This unit focuses on
  • Machines
  • Minds
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Computers

7
Block I, Unit 1 Machines
7
  • The early beginning Hephaestus (god of fire) in
    the old Greek, created Talos, a gigantic
    mechanical man of bronze, guardian of Crete.
    (Iliad, XVIII)
  • Automata (around 1495), Leonardo da Vinci
    constructed an automaton in the form of armored
    man capable of moving its arms and simulating
    speech.
  • Vaucansons duck (1800s)
  • Game-playing automata the Turk (1770), Deep blue
    of IBM 1997)
  • Robots

8
Block I, Unit 1 Machines
8
  • Why build such artificial entities?
  • What sort of thing did people think these
    entities actually were?
  • What has been the public attitude to the idea of
    artificial creatures?
  • Inspired by myths and early creatures, mechanical
    pictures start to appear by thinkers of the 17th
    and the 18th centuries

9
Block I, Unit 1 Machines
9
  • An intellect which at a certain moment would know
    all forces that set nature in motion, and all
    positions of all items of which nature is
    composed, if this intellect were also vast enough
    to submit these data to analysis, it would
    embrace in a single formula the movements of the
    greatest bodies of the universe and those of the
    tiniest atom for such an intellect nothing would
    be uncertain and the future just like the past
    would be present before its eyes.
  • Source Laplace, Celestial Mechanics
    (17991825)

10
Block I, Unit 1 Minds
10
  • What is mind ?
  • Mind and body Debate between monist and dualist
  • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
  • The world consists only of particles of matter in
    motion.
  • Bodies and minds are also just particles of
    matter in motion. Their motions are caused, in
    part, by the effects of the movements of
    particles outside the body, which press on the
    senses, causing particles in our minds to move in
    sympathy.
  • The particles in our minds form parcels that is,
    symbols representing concepts such as number,
    time, names, and so on.
  • Thought amounts to a form of computation, in
    which these mental symbols are added, subtracted,
    etc., in processes similar to those of arithmetic.

11
Block I, Unit 1 Cybernetics
11
  • Cybernetics definitions
  • "a science concerned with the study of systems of
    any nature which are capable of receiving,
    storing, and processing information so as to use
    it for control"-A.N. Kolmogorov
  • "Cybernetique the art of growing"--A.M. Ampere
  • "the science of control and communication in the
    animal and the machine"-Norbert Wiener
  • "the art of securing efficient operation"-L.
    Couffignal
  • "the art of steersmanship" "deals with all forms
    of behavior in so far as they are regular, or
    determinate, or reproducible" "stands to the
    real machine-electronic, mechanical, neural, or
    economic-much as geometry stands to a real object
    in our terrestrial space" "offers a method for
    the scientific treatment of the system in which
    complexity is outstanding and too important to be
    ignored"-W. Ross Ashby

12
Block I, Unit 1 Cybernetics
12
  • Cybernetics definitions
  • a branch of mathematics dealing with problems of
    control, recursiveness, and information"-Gregory
    Bateson
  • "the science of effective organization"-Stafford
    Beer
  • "the art and science of manipulating defensible
    metaphors"-Gordon Pask
  • "Should one name one central concept, a first
    principle, of cybernetics, it would be
    circularity."-Heinz von Foerster
  • "a way of thinking"-Ernst von Glasersfeld
  • "the science and art of understanding"-Humberto
    Maturana
  • "Cybernetics when I reflect on the dynamics of
    observed systems and on the dynamics of the
    observer-whence 'creative cybernetics' when I
    project the dynamics of a system I would like to
    observe"-from announcement of 1987 ASC conference
    in Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
  • "the ability to cure all temporary truth of
    eternal triteness"-Herbert Brun
  • source GWU

13
Block I, Unit 1 Cybernetics
13
  • cybernetics attempts to find the common elements
    in the functioning of automatic machines and of
    the human nervous system, and to develop a theory
    that will cover the entire field of control and
    communication in machines and in living
    organisms.

14
Block I, Unit 1 Symbolic AI
14
  • The goal is to construct machines that have the
    following features
  • Use of language
  • Forming and using concepts
  • Complex problem-solving, such as playing chess
  • Learning
  • Creativity

15
Block I, Unit 1 Symbolic AI
15
  • Intelligent machines
  • Search capable to locate the answer to a problem
    by sifting all possible answers and select the
    correct (or the best) one
  • Symbols and rules can manipulate words (symbols)
    according to logical and linguistic rules
  • Mathematical structure the implemented model
    must be a logical or mathematical structure of
    some kind.
  • Randomness injection some degree of randomness
    into the orderly processes
  • Neuron Networks simulating the structure found
    in the human brain

16
Block I, Unit 1 Symbolic AI
16
  • Intelligent machines, two important keys
  • Representation intelligent computer systems
    contain a model in some logical or mathematical
    form, of the problem being solved. These models
    are thus essentially symbolic, consisting of
    logical expressions
  • Search computer systems can find intelligent
    answers to complex problems by searching among
    all possible answers for the best one. The
    process of search will be governed by rules.

17
Block I, Unit 1 Intelligence
17
  • What is Intelligence ?
  • The ability to comprehend, to understand and to
    profit from experience
  • A general mental capability that involves the
    ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think
    abstractly, comprehend ideas and language and
    learn
  • The ability of an individual to understand and
    cope with the environment
  • The capacity to create constructively for the
    purpose of evolutionary gain

18
Block I, Unit 1 Intelligence
18
  • Observations
  • Observation 1 There is an obvious lack of
    agreement on what intelligence is, and thus of
    the exact goals of artificial intelligence.
  • Observation 2 The only really clear and
    effective definitions of intelligence are in
    terms of a few examples of intelligent behavior
    perception, reasoning and action, in the case of
    Winston above decision making, problem solving
    and learning in Bellmans definition.
  • Observation 3 The overwhelming focus is on
    human intelligence.

19
Block I, Turing work
19
  • Alain Turing (1912, 1954) the father of AI
  • Code breaker during the second world war
  • Turing machine (invented on paper, 1936), it
    consists of
  • a read/write head (or 'scanner') with a paper
    tape passing through it
  • The tape is divided into squares, each square
    bearing a single symbol
  • This tape is the machine's general purpose
    storage medium, serving both as the vehicle for
    input and output and as a working memory for
    storing the results of intermediate steps of the
    computation.

20
Block I, Turing work
20
  • The machine can
  • read (i.e. identify) the symbol currently under
    the head
  • write a symbol on the square currently under the
    head (after first deleting the symbol already
    written there, if any)
  • move the tape left one square
  • move the tape right one square
  • change state
  • halt.
  • Turing test

21
Block I, Unit 1 Cybernetics Vs. Symbolic AI
21
  • Weak AI computer value is that it gives us a
    very powerful tool.
  • Strong AI computer is not only a tool, rather,
    the appropriately programmed computer really is a
    mind

22
Block I, Unit 1 Computers
22
  • The digital computers
  • Formal systems
  • Taken
  • States/starting state
  • Rules
  • Automatic formal system one that works by itself
  • Deterministic
  • Non deterministic
  • Heuristics experience based techniques for
    problem solving

23
Block I, Unit 1 Computers
23
  • What computers can do?
  • Models, for a natural system we have
  • Simulation is a model that captures the
    functional connections between inputs and outputs
    of the system
  • Replication is a model that captures the
    functional connections between inputs and outputs
    of the system and is based on processes that are
    same as, or similar to, those of the
    real-world-system
  • Emulation is a model that captures the
    functional connections between inputs and outputs
    of the system and is based on processes that are
    same as, or similar to, those of the
    real-world-system and in the same materials as
    the natural system.

24
Block I, Unit 1 Computers
24
  • Optimization problems
  • Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)
  • For 5 cities, 120 possible combinations
  • For 10 cities, 3.628.800 combinations
  • For 15 cities, 1.307.674.368.000 combinations
  • For 20 cities, 2.43 ? 1018
  • Combinatorial explosion
  • TSP is an NP hard problem. (there is no known
    algorithm for solving it in any realistic period
    of time, although such algorithm may exist)
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