CARBOHYDRATES

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CARBOHYDRATES

• BBCHS Science Rocks!

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Definition of Carbohydrates

• Any of a large group of energy producing organic
  compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen.

• I.e.- Starch, glucose, and other sugars

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Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids

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Simple and Complex Carbs

• Simple- one, two, or three units of sugar linked
  together in single molecules
• Identified by their sweet taste
• Complex- hundreds of thousands of sugar units
  linked together in a single molecule
• Pleasant to the taste but not sweet

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Simple and Complex Carbs (cont.)

• Appears in circulatory system in its simplest
  form
• Glucose
• Used for Energy
• Production of ATP

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Complex Carbohydrates (two types)

• Low Fibers High Fibers
• Polymers of simple sugars
• Indigestible to humans
• Cows has enzyme to break down High Fibers
• This is how they can get calories out of grass.
• Main thing in high fibers Cellulose
• Better in diet

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Fiber in Diet

• Comes from plants foods
• Whole grains, fruits, vegetables
• Insoluble fiber help in regulating bowel
  movements
• Protects against colon cancer
• Soluble fibers help lower blood cholesterol

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Classes of Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• 1. Glucose
• 2. Fructose
• 3. Galactose
• 4. Ribose

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Structure of a Monosaccharide
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Classes of Carbohydrates (cont.)

• Disaccharides
• 1. Sucrose
• 2. Maltose
• 3. Lactose

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Structure of a Disaccharide
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Classes of Carbohydrates (cont.)

• Polysaccharides
• 1. Cellulose
• 2. Starch
• 3. Glycogen

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Structure of a Polysaccharide
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Storage of Carbohydrates

• Plants
• Cellulose
• Starch
• Animals
• glycogen

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Cellulose

• Different from starch and glycogen
• Structure form a 2-dimensional shape
• Stiff material
• Stability
• Plants use cellulose as a structural material
• Support to leaves, stem, and other parts of the
  plant

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Cellulose (cont.)

• Cows have a bacteria in digestive tract that
  helps with breakdown
• Cant be digested by humans
• Passes through the digestive tract without being
  absorbed into the body
• Even though it cant be digested it keeps
  digestive tract of humans clean.

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Breakdown of Carbohydrates

• Amylase
• i. Secreted by the salivary glands
• ii. Emptied in the mouth by the pancreas
• iii. Turns complex carbs into simple sugars

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Starch

• Polymer of a Monosaccharide glucose
• Plants store glucose as starch for later use
• Enzyme amylase is use to breakdown starch to be
  able to be absorbed in our bloodstream.
• Once in the bloodstream the body can distribute
  to where it is needed.

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Glycogen

• Polymer of Monosaccharide molecule
• Humans store glucose as glycogen
• Stored for energy
• Stored in the liver and muscle tissue as a source
  of instant energy

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Glycogen (cont.)

• The form in which carbohydrate is stored in the
  animal body for future conversion to sugar.
• Use in performing muscle work or for liberating
  heat.
• Converted into glucose when needed by the cells

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Glycogenesis

• The formation of glycogen
• Occurs after eating a carbohydrate meal
• Glucagons
• a substance secreted by the pancreas that
  stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and the
  release of glucose by the liver causing blood
  sugar to rise.

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Metabolism

• All physical and chemical changes that occur
  within and organism
• All transformation of chemical energy of
  foodstuffs to mechanical energy or heat

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Metabolism and Carbohydrates

• All carbohydrates are digested into
  monosaccharides
• Absorbed as glucose
• In liver and muscles glucose is converted into
  glycogen or used
• Carbon dioxide and water production of ATP
• Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O

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Ketosis

• If your diet does not contain enough
  carbohydrates to supply the body with glucose
  your body breaks down fat.
• When the fat is broken down a substance called
  ketones are produced.
• That process is called ketogenesis.

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Ketosis (cont.)

• DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)- life threatening
  blood-chemical imbalance that develops in a
  person when the cells do not get enough glucose
  they need for energy
• Fat is broken down (instead of glucose) and
  ketones are released into the bloodstream

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Ketosis (cont.)

• This can occur
• in people with poor nutrition.
• People that fast for 18 hrs. or longer
• Low levels in pregnant women (depending on amount
  it can harm the fetus.)
• Ketosis can indicate a very low carb diet.

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Ketosis (cont.)

• Result from incomplete metabolism of fatty acids,
  generally from carbohydrate deficiency or
  inadequate utilization
• Large amounts of ketone bodies eliminated in
  urine (ketonuria)
• Absence of starches prevents the breakdown of
  fats and proteins
• Body becomes polluted with waste (fats ketones)