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16
????? ????? ??"? 22, 34, ?????? ??????

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17
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18
???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????
UNESCO Man and Biosphere
19
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20
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21
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22
Convention for Biological DiversityAccess and
Benefit Sharing

• ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
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  ???????
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  ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????

23

• Growing Costs and Risks
• Ecosystem services that are inexpensive or freely
  available today will cease to be available or
  become more costly
• E.g., water, fish, storm protection, local
  climate, flood control
• Growing risks associated with ecosystem changes
• Disease emergence, resource collapse, etc.
• Businesses cannot assume there will be ample
  warning of changes in the availability of key
  ecosystem services
• Businesses cannot assume their past responses to
  changes will be successful in the future.

24
????? ?????????????? ????? anthropocentric

• ????? ?????
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Millenium ecosystem assessment 2006
25
?????? ????????? ?????? ????

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• ???????? ??????
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26
Watershed services supply and demand
Supply of services Upstream land uses affect the
Quantity, Quality, and Timing of water flows

• Demand for services
• Possible downstream beneficiaries
• Domestic water use
• Irrigated agriculture
• Hydroelectric power
• Fisheries
• Recreation
• Downstream ecosystems

Source World Bank 2003
27
Applying ecosystem valuation to payment for
ecosystem service simple in theory
Conservation without payment
Conventional resource use no conservation
Minimum payment willing to receive to change
damaging behaviour to ecosystem
Benefits to producers
Costs to offsite populations
Maximum payment willing to pay to
reduce environmental damage
Source Adapted from World Bank 2002