Gradient Refractive Index

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Gradient Refractive Index
The refractive index of a particular point of in
a lens with a radial gradient refractive index
The refractive index of a particular point of a
lens with a gradient refractive index
The effects of gravitational potential as related
to the effects of a refractive index
G.R.I.N. LENS
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Angle of deflection One ray. One Mass.
In reality we have multiple masses Vector
superposition! The total deflection angle is the
vector superposition of the deflections due to
all the mass elements of the lens. (Blandford et
al. 825)
Surface density must exceed critical mass density
somewhere within the gravitational lens.
For multiple images, the object must lie within
the cusp.
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Ray Tracing Multiple images
Caustic cusp due to the gravitational lens is
shown in ray tracing using the angle of
deflection for individual rays in superposition.
Einstein Ring
First complete ring observed Hubble Telescope
(1998)
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Angular Deflection
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Density Perturbations, Image to source mapping,
Time delay
Time delay calculation is composed of the
geometrical delay and the potential time delay
R (Image) ? S (Source)
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References

• Blandford, R., et al. Gravitational Lens Optics.
  .JSTOR. Science. 245 824-830. 1989. Web. Nov.
  2010.
• Bradac, M., et al. Revealing The Properties of
  Dark Matter in the Merging Cluster Macs
  J0025.4-1222. arXiv0806.2320v2 astro-ph. 2008.
  Web. Nov. 2010.
• Levine, H., A. Petters, J.Wambsganss. Singularity
  Theory and Gravitational Lensing. Boston
  Birkhauser, 2001.
• Mellier, Y., et al. Lecture Notes in Physics
  Gravitational lensing. Berlin Springer-Verlag,
  1990.

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Images

• King, L. U. Manchester. NICMOS ,HST, NASA. 1998.
  http//apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980330.html
• Tsioulia, Andrew,. Gradient Index (GRIN) Lens.
  2003 http//www.informaworld.com/smpp/contentncont
  enta713548186dballdumptyperss
• Solar Eclipses Overview. 2010. http//scie.eja.int
  /science_e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid37889fb
  odylongid1786
• Grin Micro Lens. http//www.acphotonics.com/produc
  ts/product_files/GRIN20/Lens.htm
• Optica Software. http//www.opticasoftware.com/faq
  s/