Genetics

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Genetics
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Heredity The process in which characteristics or
traits pass from parents to offspring.Think,
Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in
common with either parent
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Tracking Down Traits Learning Experience 1

1. Review Procedures
2. Rule No person may sign the list more than
   twice.

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What do you know about DNA?
Where have you heard the term?
What was the context or situation?
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(No Transcript)
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What is DNA?

• The genetic material that carries information
  about an organism passed from parent to offspring
  
• A complete set of instructions necessary to make
  and maintain the human body.
• A Blueprint of the human body

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Why is DNA Interesting?

• DNA is a nonliving molecule.
• There are 6 feet of it in every cell.
• The human body can have as many as ten thousand
  trillion cells, and almost every one of them has
  6 feet of densely compacted DNA.
• DNA is unique for every individual
• DNA controls all the activities in the cell from
  the nucleus.
• DNA is a nonreactive chemically inert molecule

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DNA and Crime Solving

• Because DNA is a nonliving, nonreactive chemical
  molecule
• It can be recovered from mummies over 2000 years
  old.
• Long-dried blood in murder investigations
• Ancient bones

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Where is DNA?
Cell
Nucleus the Control Center
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are made of DNA
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Where is DNA?

• Draw and label the location of DNA in the cell

• Draw and label the relationship between DNA and
  chromosomes.

Make the Chromosome Model
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Each human Cell have 23 pairs of Chromosomes
Mother
Father
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Chromosomes are made of genes
A gene is a section of DNA that controls a trait
( ex. tall /short) that an organism inherits
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A Model of a Chromosome
Gene

• Chromosomes are made up genes.
• A gene is a section of DNA (section of a
  chromosome) that controls a trait that an
  organism inherits.
• If the string of shapes represents a chromosome
  what does each individual shape represent?

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Model of a Chromosome
Gene for the Trait Brown Eye color
Gene for Tall Height
Gene for Brown Hair color
Gene for Attached vs Unattached Earlobes
Gene for the Shape of our Fingers
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Humans Chromosomes
What are the dark lines?
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How important are chromosomes?

• Humans need all 46 chromosomes for normal
  development and function.
• Humans that are missing even one of the 46
  chromosomes do not survive.
• Humans with more than two copies of a chromosome
  will not develop properly.

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Compared to a real human chromosome, what are
the limitations of the model?
Scientific Picture
Chromosome Model
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Active Learning

• Write a riddle about one or two of the following
  terms
• DNA, Genes, traits, chromosomes
• Write a Haiku about the importance of DNA
  (5-7-5 syllable pattern)

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One Set of Chromosomes
Mother
Father
One set of chromosomes come from the mother and
one set of chromosomes come from the father. The
entire chain of shapes represent a chromosome -
the individual shapes represent genes. The
offspring inherits a pair of genes for each
trait. When the genes are identical the offspring
is called homozgous or purebred for that trait.
When the genes are different, the offspring is
called heterozygous or hybrid for that trait.
Which gene pairs would make a homozygous
offspring ? (similarities) Which genes pairs
would make a heterozygous? (Differences)
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What are the limitations of our model compared
to the scientific model on the right?
Pair of genes
Scientific Picture
Shapes Model
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Model of a Chromosome
Father
Mother
Gene for the trait Brown Eye color
Gene for Brown Eye color
Gene for Tall Height
Gene for Tall Height
What is the mothers phenotype?
Gene for Brown Hair color
Gene for Black Hair color
Gene for the Shape of your Fingers
Gene for the Shape of your Fingers
Gene for Unattached Earlobes
Gene for Attached Earlobes
Phenotype-The physical characteristics/traits you
can observe
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Model of a Chromosome
Father
Mother
Gene for the trait Brown Eye color
Gene for Brown Eye color
BB or Bb
BB or Bb
Gene for Tall Height
Gene for Tall Height
TTor Tt
TTor Tt
Gene for Brown Hair color
Gene for Black Hair color
BB or Bb
BB or Bb
Gene for the Shape of your Fingers
Gene for the Shape of your Fingers
ff
FFor Ff
Gene for Unattached Earlobes
Gene for Attached Earlobes
ee
EE or Ee
Genotype- The two genes that determine an
organism's (offsprings) traits
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Do Your Earlobes Hang Down?Learning Experience 2

• After each trait is described mark a check
  under Yes or No in the Me column.
• Collect data for each trait from the entire
  class.
• Graph class data for each trait

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Vocabulary

• Genotype the two genes that determine an
  organisms traits
• The genotype of a tall plant that has two genes
  alleles for tallness is TT

• Phenotype The physical characteristics of an
  organism you can observe.
• The phenotype of a tall plant is tall, regardless
  of the genes it contains

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Transparent Traits Learning Experience 3
This activity models the random selection of a
egg and a sperm in producing the genotype and
phenotype of offspring. Please model using the
overhead prior to the students conducting the
lab.
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Transparent TraitsFormative Assessment Questions

• What do the colored squares represent?
• Why are the genes always removed in pairs?
• Where does the organism acquire its genes?
• If two colored squares are drawn, what was the
  organisms genotype?
• Is the trait dominant or recessive in this
  organism?
• What was the phenotype of this organisms?
• If two clear squares were drawn, what was the
  organisms genotype?
• If one clear and one colored square are drawn,
  what was the organisms genotype?
• Is the trait dominant or recessive in this
  organism?
• What was the phenotype of this organism?

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What are the limitations of the model?
Based on what you know about genetics thus far

• Each square represents one gene on one of the 23
  chromosomes.
• Each gene is not selected individually they
  come in packets called ____?
• Human traits like eye color and hair color have
  multiple alleles they are the results of one
  gene from the mother and one gene from the dad.

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Putting it All Together

• Homozygous
• Heterozygous
• Phenotype
• Genotype
• Dominant
• Recessive

• Dragon Genetics

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Processing

• Using the dragon simulation as an example
• What was changed in order to change the
  appearance of the dragon?
• Therefore, a change in the ____ results in a
  change in the _____.
• Do you have to change the genes on both
  chromosomes to change the phenotype? Explain
• How is the phenotype affected by the genes being
  homozygous or heterozygous?
• How many different dragon combinations are
  possible?

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Mastering Terms

• Homozygous
• Heterozygous
• Phenotype
• Genotype
• Dominant
• Recessive

• How can students demonstrate their understanding
  of these terms?

Term Def. in own words
Picture Example
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Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics

• The Story of Gregor Mendel
• Mendels Experiments http//www.cccoe.net/geneti
  cs/mendel.html
• Dominant and Recessive Traits http//www.cccoe.net
  /genetics/dom_rec.html

• Activities
• Interactive Guide to Mendels Experiments (7th)
• Some Traits are Dominant- Animation/Activity
• http//www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/4/concept/

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• Write a radio commerical to advertise a visit to
  your school by Gregor Mendel. The advertisement
  should include
• Why his research impacts what we know about
  genetics.
• Something that would spark the interest of the
  students to come to the presentation.

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Genes in Action
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The Punnet Square

• Use To Teach the Punnet Square Mendels Punnet
  Square http//www.cccoe.net/genetics/punnett.html
  
• Activity Living Punnet Square
• Example 2. Two heterozygous for fingers Martians
  marry and have four kids. How many of their kids
  will have three fingers? How many will have two?
  Build the living Punnett square and when youre
  ready, call for the teacher.
• Punnet Squares and Dominant and Reccessive Genes
• http//www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/recessive
  .html

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Genetic Crosses and Pedigrees

• Biologica Web Lab, Mendels Peas
• http//biologica.concord.org/webtest1/web_labs_men
  dels_peas.htm

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Vocabulary

• Natural occurrence is Natural Selection
• Natural selection is the process by which certain
  heritable traitsthose that make it more likely
  for an organism to survive and successfully
  reproduce become more common in a population
  over successive generations.

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Extension of Cody and Codette

• Reflect back on Cody and Codettes offspring.
• Which organisms would live to survive and pass on
  their genes in this environment?
• Which would not?
• Which organisms would be naturally selected to
  survive and which would not?

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Cody and Codette

• Reflect back on Cody and Codettes offspring.
  After the entire class has completed their
  organism and placed them into an environment.
• Which organisms would live to survive and pass on
  their genes?
• Which would not?

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Vocabulary

• Selective breeding
• The method of breeding certain organisms together
  that have desirable traits.
• The process of manipulating the phenotype of the
  offspring.

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Example of Selective Breeding
Hardy can thrive in hot climates, the beef is
not as good
Tender, tasty beef Does not thrive in hot climates
Heat resistant cattle with tender beef
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Selective Breeding - Ancestry
American Bulldog
Bull Mastiff
American Pit Bull Terrier
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
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Selective Breeding

• Try it Out!
• Dog Breeding

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Ethics

• Think Time

• Discuss some possible positive outcomes of
• Selective Breeding
• Cloning
• Genetic Engineering
• Discuss some possible negative outcomes of
• Selective Breeding
• Cloning
• Genetic Engineering

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Putting It All Together

• Sponge Bob
• Make an Acrostic from the word Heredity
• Create analogies using the following pairs of
  words
• Homozygous/heterozygous
• Phenotype/genotype
• Dominant/recessive

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Sexual Reproduction in Action

• Activity Gene (Wo)Man