PANCREAS AND DIABETES

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PANCREAS AND DIABETES

• Valerija Vrhovnik
• Mentor A. Žmegac Horvat

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Anatomy of pancreas

• head
• body
• tail
• acinar cells
• islets of Langerhans
• pancreatic duct

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Pancreas dual-function gland

• Exocrine pancreas (acinar cells)
• produces digestive enzymes (trypsin,
  chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase and amylase )
• enzymes help further breakdown of carbohydrates,
  proteins, and fat

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Endocrine pancreas

• Islets of Langerhans 4 types of cells
• 1) Alpha cells produce glucagon (hormone)
  
• 25 total cells
• 2) Beta cells insulin synthesis and
• secretion 60
• 3) Delta cells produce somatostatin (inhibits
  
• secretion of other hormones) 10
• 4) PP cells secrete pancreatic
• polypeptide lt5

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Insulin hormone of feasting

• small protein composed of two peptide chains

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Insulin effect on metabolism

• 1) Carbohydrates ? glucose utilization, ?
• CHO storage, use of CHO for energy
• 2) Fats ? use of fat, fat sparer
• 3) Proteins ? protein anabolism, inhibits
• catabolism

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Factors Regulating Insulin Secretion

• High plasma glucose levels insulin secreted to
  return glucose levels back to normal
• 2) High plasma amino acids after a high protein
  meal, arginine and lysine stimulate beta cells to
  increase insulin secretion
• 3) Fatty acids and ketone bodies increases
  secretion

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Diabetes mellitus

• Type 1 juvenile diabetes
• loss of insulin-producing beta cells leading to a
  deficiency of insulin
• Type 2 maturity onset
• insulin resistance - cells fail to use insulin
  properly
• the most common type

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Causes

• heredity - stronger inheritance pattern for
  type 2
• type 1 appears to be triggered by some (mainly
  viral) infections (e.g. Coxackie virus)
• obesity type 2

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Symptoms

• 1) Polyuria (excess urine production)
• 2) Polydipsia (excess drinking of water)
• 3) Polyphagia (excessive eating)
• 4) Loss of weight
• 5) Asthenia (lack of energy)

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Complications

• Diabetic cardiomyopathy
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Diabetic foot
• Diabetic retinopathy

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Treatment

• Diabetes type I
• artificial insulin subcutaneous injection
• insulin control, diet, weight control and exercise

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• Diabetes type II
• diet, weight loss
• exercise to increase receptor responsiveness
• sulfonylureas to increase number of receptors