EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER

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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER

• Tony Mathew

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Problem Statement

• World
• Every year- 10 million diagnosed
• 6 million die
• Worldwide - Lung Cancer (12.3 )
• Breast Cancer(10.4)
• Colorectal Cancer(9.4)
• Death from cancer - Lung (17.8)
• Stomach
  (10.4)
• Liver
  (8.8 )

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India

• 3.4 of all deaths cancer
• 7 lakh new cases detected every year
• Males - mouth/oropharynx
• oesophagus
• stomach
• Lower respiratory tract
• Females - Cervix
• Breast
• mouth/oropharynx
• oesophagus

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• Time Trends
• second leading cause of death
• Reasons - Longer life expectancy
• most accurate diagnosis
• rise in cigarette smoking

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CAUSES OF CANCER

• Environmental

• Genetic

• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Dietary Factors
• Occupational exposures
• Viruses
• Parasites
• Customs ,habits, Lifestyles
• Others sunlight, pollution,
• drugs

• Eg
• Retinoblastoma in Children
• Leukemia in Mongols

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CANCER CONTROL

• Secondary Prevention

• Primary Prevention

• Control of tobacco alcohol
• consumption
• Personal Hygiene
• Radiation
• Occupational Exposures
• Immunisation
• Foods drugs
• Air pollution
• Treatment of precancerous lesion
• Legislation
• Cancer Education

• Cancer Registration
• Hospital based registries
• Population based registries
• Early detection of cases
• Treatment

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Danger Signals

• A lump or a hard area in breast
• A change in wart or mole
• A persistent change in bowel habits
• A persistent cough or hoarseness
• Excessive loss during menstrual periods or loss
  of blood outside usual dates.
• Blood loss from any natural orifice
• A swelling that does not get better
• Unexplained loss of weight

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Cancer Screening

• Pre malignant lesion can be identified
• Most cancers are localized in initial stages
• 75 occurs at accessible body sites

• Mass Screening by comprehensive cancer detection
  examination
• Mass Screening at single sites
• Selective screening - for those at special risk

• Methods

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• Screening of cancer cervix Pap Smear
• Screening of breast cancer
• Breast self examination(BSE)
• Palpation
• Thermography
• Mammography
• Screening of lung cancer
• Chest radiograph
• Sputum Cytology

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Oral cancer

• 50 70 of all cancers diagnosed in india
• Risk factors
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Precancerous lesions
• Cultural patterns
• Prevention

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Cancer cervix

• Most common cancer of women developing countries
• Causative agent - HPV
• Risk Factors
• Prevention and control
• Breast Cancer
• commonest cause of death of middle aged
  women-developed countries (35 50 yrs)
• Risk factors
• Prevention

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• Lung cancer

• Stomach Cancer

• Most common cancer in the world
• Risk factors
• Prevention

• Worlds second most common cancer
• Risk Factors
• prevention

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Thank You