Echinococcus granulosus

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Echinococcus granulosus

• By Rebecca Rawlings

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Quick Review Session..

• Common name Tapeworm
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Class Eucestoda
• Class Cestoda
• Order Cyclophyllidea
• Genus Echinococcus
• Species granulosus

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Why did it have to be Parasites.anything but
parasites
Echinococcus granulosus Found in recently
excavated tomb (1991) outside the City of
David, Jerusalem
Two hollow, pebble-like artifacts were found in
the abdominal cavity of an individual buried in a
tomb datable to the Herodian period.
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More Historical Finds.

• Babylonian Talmud
• Corpus Hippocratorum
• 4th century BC--Hippocrates
• 1st century ADArataeus
• 2nd century ADGalen

Babylonian Talmud
Hippocrates
Galen
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The Brains behind it all..
German zoologist who was famous in Russia.
1766hypothesis that these cysts were the larval
stages of tapeworms.
1863found adult tapeworms in dogs fed with
hydatid cysts from a human
1853demonstrated that Echinococcus cysts from
sheep gave rise to adult tapeworms when fed to
dogs.
17th Century First man to appreciate the
parasitic nature of the cycts
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Historical Development--Migration

• Echinococcus granulosus was introduced into
  Australia from Europe. Its lifecycle was
  unknown.
• End of 19th century Cystic Hydatid Disease was
  recognized in humans as an important cause of
  death
• End of 20th century Research contributed
• 1) Differentiation of pastoral from wildlife
  Echinococcus
• 2) Breaking the epidemiological code of the
  family Taeniidae,

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Jerusalem
Texas
United States
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Endemic Areas
Central Europe
South
America Mediterranean countries

Middle East Australia New Zealand

South Africa

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Crikey!!

• Echinococcus granulosus is prevalent in
  Australia..but it is most common in the
  sheep-farming areas
• New South Wales
• The Australian Capital Territory
• Victoria
• Eastern Queensland.

Scientist believed it arrived in Australia soon
after European settlement, probably in infected
sheep or dogs.
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In Australia (Where it Echinococcus granulosus
is most prevalent)
Farm-dog to sheep cycle
Wild reservoir cycle
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Infrastructure

• People who live on farms are most commonly
  infected.
• Direct contact with dogs is the most common way
  people get Echinococcus granulosus
• Also, in Perth pig and kangaroo shooters are
  susceptible. These shooters feed the offal of
  their kills to their dogs, which can disease
  their owners.
• Foxes are known to raid suburban areas in search
  of food. Can distribute eggs into picnic areas
  and outdoor cafes.

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Where its cold..
Echinococcus granulosus occurs throughout the
holarctic zones of tundra and taiga, from eastern
Fennoscandia to the Bering Strait in Eurasia and
in North America from arctic Alaska approximately
to the northern border of the US.
Two natural cycles involve the wolf and wild
reindeer wolf and elk(moose). Both deer are
prey of the wolf.
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The Alaskan People.

• herding-dogs and domesticated reindeer caused
  Echinococcus in arctic Eurasia.
• Alaskasled-dogs of hunters became infected by
  consuming the lungs of wild reindeer. Then, when
  people became inactive during the winter the
  villages would become severely contaminated by
  dog feces.

• Because many sled-dogs have been replaced by
  machines, the cases have gone down a lot.
• Echinococcosis is increasing in some of
  Russia..dogs are probably used for herding.

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• Prevent farm dogs from eathing the offal
  (internal organs) of dead livestock

• The second step is to worm dogs regualary,
  which usually involoves feeding them a drug
  called praziquantel to kill the tapeworm

Wash hands, especially after being with animals
PREVENTION

• Burn carcasses of dead livestock

Dont let a dog lick your face
Vaccinate Sheep
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Problems..

• Many scientist think eradicating the disease from
  the Australian mainland is nearly impossible
  although farmers are careful, the wild
  reservoir of the disease over powers their
  efforts.
• Wild dogs, dingos and some foxes carry the eggs
  which infects livestock
• Kangaroos, wallabies, and wombats are also
  susceptible making matters harder to control

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Medication
Praziquantel
Arecoline
Surgery
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THE END!!
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Sites

• http//www.awf.gda
• www.google.com
• www.emedicine.com
• http//journals.cambridge.org
• http//www.joezias.com
• http//www.jstor.org