HUMAN SECURITY

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HUMAN SECURITY
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1. The concept of human security
2. Human security and humanitarian interventions
3. Human security and relations between stakeholders
4. Human security and the duty to influence
   political affairs

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PART I The concept of human security
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Challenge of balancing Human Security and State
Security
Types of Security
Object
Protection of
Threats
Traditional security
The state
Integrity of the state
Interstate war Nuclear proliferation Revolution
Human security
The individual
Integrity of the individual
Disease Poverty Violence ..
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Challenge of balancing Human Security and State
Security
Since the end of the Cold War, armed conflicts
have increasingly taken place within, and not
between, states. National security remains
important, but in a world in which war between
states is the rare exception, and many more
people are killed by their own governments than
by foreign armies, the concept of 'human
security' has been gaining greater
recognition.Unlike traditional concepts of
security, which focus on defending borders from
external military threats, human security is
concerned with the security of individuals.
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National Human Security

• This is not to say that national security,
  traditionally defined, is any less relevant.
• On the contrary, security between states remains
  a necessary condition for the security of people.
  And yet, the security of a state cannot in itself
  guarantee the security of its people.
• The concept of human security not only helps us
  evaluate the effectiveness of our security
  policies, it also highlights the importance of
  preventive action to reduce vulnerability and
  points the way for remedial action, where
  prevention fails.

NATO's new security vocation (1999) Lloyd
AxworthyForeign Minister of Canada
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Looking at factors affecting human security
For some proponents of human security, the key
threat is violence for others the threat agenda
is much broader, embracing hunger, disease and
natural disasters. Largely for pragmatic reasons,
the Human Security Centre has adopted the
narrower concept of human security that focuses
on protecting individuals and communities from
violence.
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Human security must go beyond the traditional
concept of physical security as a result of
conflict. My definition of human security
includes the elimination of poverty, ensuring
access to basic education and health services,
the protection of children, the promotion and
protection of human rights, the eradication of
disease and the preservation of the
environment. Maria MinnaMinister for
International CooperationOttawa, Ontario-
October 15, 2001
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Human Development Report (1994)
Safety from chronic threats and protection from
sudden hurtful disruptions in the pattern of
daily life

• Seven types of security
• economic security
• food security
• health security
• environmental security
• physical security
• community security
• political security

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Human security Definition
In essence, human security means safety for
people from both violent and non-violent threats.
It is a condition or state of being characterized
by freedom from pervasive threats to people's
rights, their safety, or even their lives.
HUMAN SECURITY SAFETY FOR PEOPLE IN A CHANGING
WORLD (April 1999)
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Human security Definition
Human security means protecting vital freedoms.
It means protecting people from critical and
pervasive threats and situations, building on
their strengths and aspirations. It also means
creating systems that give people the building
blocks of survival, dignity and livelihood.
Outline of the Report of the Commission on Human
Security Press release May 1, 2003
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Concept of Human Security
Poverty
Human Security Economic security Health
security Environmental security Physical
security Community security Political security
Remove threats
Diseases
Empowerment
Violence
Building better systems
..
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JICAs Development Assistance for Human Security
June 2005
--- In order to address direct threats to
individuals such as conflicts, disasters,
infectious diseases, it is important not only to
consider the global, regional, and national
perspectives, but also to consider the
perspective of human security, which focuses on
individuals. Accordingly, Japan will implement
ODA to strengthen the capacity of local
communities through human resource development.
To ensure that human dignity is maintained at all
stages, from the conflict stage to the
reconstruction and development stage, Japan will
extend assistance for the protection and
empowerment of individuals.(ODA charter) ---
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
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Human Security is a people-centered approach to
foreign policy which recognizes that lasting
stability cannot be achieved until people are
protected from violent threats to their rights,
safety or lives.
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Our objective is to build a world where universal
humanitarian standards and the rule of law
protect all people where those who violate these
standards are held accountable and where our
international institutions are equipped to defend
and enforce those standards. In short, a world
where people can live in freedom from fear.
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The ICRC and Human Security
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Assistance Human Security

• Economic Security
• Secure access to health services
• Secure a safe environment

Economic Security
Health Services
Water Shelter
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Insecurity by .

• Limiting access to health services
• Prohibiting access to health services
• Insecurity in accessing health services

Economic Security
Lack of capacities
Health Services
Water Shelter
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Health Human Rights

• Prohibiting, limiting access to health services
  is in itself a violation of the rights of people
• In armed conflicts violations of human rights may
  well extend to violations of the integrity of
  people

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Individual Community Integrity
Torture
Disappearances
Sexual violences
Forced displacements
Splitting families
Ethnic cleansing
..
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ICRC Human Security

• Forced displacements
• Ethnic cleansing
• Torture
• Disappearance
• Extra judicial killing
• ..

• Limiting access to health services
• Prohibiting access to health services
• Insecurity in accessing health services
• .

Integrity
Economic Security
Health Services
Water Shelter
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A Global Approach
Human Security
Integrity
Economic Security
ICRC Interventions
Health Services
Water Shelter
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Concept of Human Security ICRC
IHL embodies human security in that it basically
holds that people must be granted the most
essential personal security and provided with
services necessary for their survival in
dignity. By combining activities to promote
respect for the law with operational activities
in the field, the ICRC above all seeks to create
conditions whereby the civilian population can
fend for themselves, remain in their homes, and
lead their lives in relative safety and dignity
despite the volatile and dangerous environment in
which they happen to find themselves. Prevention
and protection is thus a major aspect of our
work, inline with the fundamental idea of Human
Security as defined by the Commission.
A. Gnaedinger. Dir/GEN ICRC Japan Dec. 2005
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PART II Human security and humanitarian
interventions
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A Key question Is Human Security a Political
Concept or a Humanitarian Concept ?
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Providing Assistance to an Affected Populations
in Armed Conflicts
Providing health services
Providing food support
Human Security of Affected Population
Providing economic support
Providing shelter
Providing water
Immunization
Psychosocial support
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Humanitarian Interventions
Human Security of Affected Population
Crisis Armed Conflict
Providing health services
Preventing HR violations
Monitoring HR
Providing food support
Providing economic support
Assessing conduct of hostilities
Providing shelter
Dissemination IHL
Providing water
Dealing with human rights violations (sexual
violences)
Immunization
Psychosocial support
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Humanitarian Interventions
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Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions
Political Management of a Crisis

Crisis Armed Conflict
Transition
Preventing HR violations
Providing health services
Monitoring HR
Providing food support
Providing economic support
Assessing conduct of hostilities
Humanitarian Management of a Crisis
Providing shelter
Dissemination IHL
Providing water
Dealing with human rights violations (sexual
violences)
Immunization
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Psychosocial support
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Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions
Political Management of a Crisis
Human Security of Affected Population

Crisis Armed Conflict
Transition
Preventing HR violations
Providing health services
Monitoring HR
Providing food support
Providing economic support
Assessing conduct of hostilities
Humanitarian Management of a Crisis
Providing shelter
Dissemination IHL
Providing water
Dealing with human rights violations (sexual
violences)
Immunization
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Psychosocial support
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NGOs in Afghanistan
Afghanistan  A Call for Security June 17,
2003 We the undersigned humanitarian, human
rights, civil society and conflict prevention
organizations call on the international community
to accord NATO a robust stabilization mandate in
Afghanistan.  This mandate should include the
expansion of the International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) to key locations and
major transport routes outside of Kabul and the
active support for a comprehensive program of
disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of
all militia forces outside the control of the
central government.  Current efforts to train
representative, professional Afghan national
security forces must be accelerated.
PPR - 2000
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NATO Humanitarian Interventions
A humanitarian intervention is an armed
intervention in another state, without the
agreement of that state, to address (the threat
of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular caused
by grave and large-scale violations of
fundamental human rights. This definition was
adopted by a NATO seminar in Scheveningen on the
topic in November 1999.
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Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and
activities
Belligerants States UN General Assembly UN
Security Council PK Forces, NATO Private
companies USAID ECHO Medias Human rights
organisations National Societies of
RC/RC UNHCR UNICEF WHO NGOs ICRC
Political Humanitarian
Coercitive diplomaty
Conduct of Hostilities
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Human Right Promotion
Economic embargo
Democratization
Conflict Prevention
Peace enforcement with military means
Organization and monitoring of elections
Preventive diplomacy
Conflict resolution
Education
Assessing violations of IHL
Early Warning
Providing health services
Adapting National Law
Dissemination IHL
Supporting social services
Looking for the missing
Providing economic support
Tracing family members
Protection of the POW
Demobilization of soldiers
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Advocacy
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Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and
activities
Belligerants States UN General Assembly UN
Security Council PK Forces, NATO Private
companies USAID ECHO Medias Human rights
organisations National Societies of
RC/RC UNHCR UNICEF WHO NGOs ICRC
Political Humanitarian
Coercitive diplomaty
Conduct of Hostilities
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Human Right Promotion
Human Security of Affected Population
Economic embargo
Democratization
Conflict Prevention
Peace enforcement with military means
Organization and monitoring of elections
Preventive diplomacy
Conflict resolution
Education
Assessing violations of IHL
Early Warning
Providing health services
Adapting National Law
Dissemination IHL
Supporting social services
Looking for the missing
Providing economic support
Tracing family members
Protection of the POW
Demobilization of soldiers
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Advocacy
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Of course, in defending our values, we also
defended our strategic interests. Even a year
before the air campaign, the ongoing oppression
in Kosovo was causing a threat to peace and
security in the Balkan region, including massive
floods of refugees in neighbouring countries and
even artillery exchanges across borders. Thus,
our strategic interest in preventing the conflict
from spreading coincides with our humanitarian
interest in stopping ethnic cleansing. Together,
these interests required action -- and after
diplomacy failed, we took action. Lord
Robertson, NATO Secretary General, to the
Atlantic Treaty Association Strabourg Oct. 1999
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To clarify the confusion
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Concept of Humanitarian Political Frameworks
Based on . Principles . Law . Means
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• Humanity

• Impartiality

• Neutrality

• Independence

Humanitarian Framework

• Proportionality to needs

• Consent from the Parties

• No political interests

• No economic interests

• Long term commitment

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• Humanity

• Impartiality

• Neutrality

Political Framework

• Independence

• Proportionality to needs

• Consent from the Parties Y or N

• Possible political interests

• Possible economic interests

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Humanitarian Framework
Political Framework
Legal Framework
Human Security Affected Population
Charter of United Nations (Chapter 7)
NATO Resolutions
International Humanitarian Law
Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United
Nations
Human Right Law
International Humanitarian Law
Refugee Law
Human Right Law
Political agreements between States
Refugee Law
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Humanitarian Framework
Political Framework
Means of Actions
Human Security Affected Population
Diplomatic means
Logistic means
Legal Means
Media means
Financial means
Economic means
Use of Armed forces
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Definition of a Humanitarian Framework
IHL, HR Law
Humanity
Human Security Affected Population
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Proportionality to needs
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Definition of a Political Framework
UN res. NATO Res. . IHL, HR Law
Humanity
Diplomatic means
Impartiality
Logistic means
Human Security Affected Population
Neutrality
Legal Means
Independence
Proportionality to needs
Media means
Financial means
Consent from the Parties
Economic means
Political interests
Economic interests
Use of Armed forces
Long term commitment
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CIMIC

• Establish and maintain full cooperation with the
  civilian population and institutions to provide
  greatest possible moral, material and tactical
  advantages to the commander
• Create and sustain conditions which support a
  lasting solution to the crisis

MC 411 NATO CIVIL-MILITARY CO-OPERATION (CIMIC)
POLICY 1-1
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CIMIC - UK

• UK's CIMIC Policy is to enable a more coherent
  military contribution to the achievement of UK
  and/or international objectives in response to
  conflict, crises or potential crises

D/JDCC/20/8/1 dated 06 Feb 03
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CIMIC - USA

• ... facilitate the military operations, and to
  consolidate and achieve operational US objectives.

US Joint Pub 1 -02 amended Aug 02
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Actors Frameworks
Human Security of Affected Population
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PART III Human Security and Relationship between
Stakeholders
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Relations between Stakeholders
Belligerants States UN General Assembly UN
Security Council PK Forces, NATO Private
companies USAID ECHO Medias Human rights
organisations National Societies of
RC/RC UNHCR UNICEF WHO NGOs ICRC
Political Humanitarian
Coercitive diplomaty
Conduct of Hostilities
Peacekeeping operations
Organizing the Police
Embargo on weapons
Human Right Promotion
Human Security of Affected Population
Economic embargo
Democratization
Conflict Prevention
Peace enforcement with military means
Organization and monitoring of elections
Preventive diplomacy
Conflict resolution
Education
Assessing violations of IHL
Early Warning
Providing health services
Adapting National Law
Dissemination IHL
Supporting social services
Looking for the missing
Providing economic support
Tracing family members
Protection of the POW
Demobilization of soldiers
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Advocacy
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. The ICRC and Authorities. The ICRC and
"Humanitarian" Military Interventions. The ICRC
and UN
Impact of the Concept of Human Security on
Relationship of the ICRC with other Stakholders
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The ICRC Authorities
The authorities have the responsibility to
guarantee the security of their people
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Authorities
Willingness to fullfill Responsibilities

• Pattern of responsibilities is fullfilled
• Vital needs are met

Y
N
Capacities to Provide Services
Y
N
Provision of Services
Y
N
Human Security
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ICRC Strategies and Lack of Capacities
Denunciation
Mobilisation
Economic Security
Persuasion
Health Services
Water Shelter
Support
Substitution
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ICRC Strategies and Willingness to Violate the
Right to have Access to.
Denunciation
Economic Security
Mobilisation
Persuasion
Health Services
Water Shelter
Support
Substitution
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Violations of People Integrity
Violation of Rights Stop
Violations Respect of
People's rights
To stop violations
Perpetrators
Integrity
Influencial Stakeholders
- Influencial Stakeholders
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To stop Violations the ICRC
Integrity
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UN Human Security
Diplomatic means
Logistic means
Integrity
Economic Security
Legal Means
Media means
Health Services
Water Shelter
Financial means
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To stop Violations States
Our objective is to build a world where universal
humanitarian standards and the rule of law
protect all people where those who violate these
standards are held accountable and where our
international institutions are equipped to defend
and enforce those standards. In short, a world
where people can live in freedom from fear.
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To stop Violations UN

• Coercitive diplomaty
• Peacekeeping
• Peace enforcement

Substitution to services which normally are
supposed to protect people
Integrity
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UN Human Security
Integrity
Economic Security
Health Services
Water Shelter
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UN ICRC
In touch with
Integrity
Economic Security
Health Services
Water Shelter
Not linked to
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PART IV Human security and the duty to influence
"political affairs"
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Human Security and the Influence of Humanitarian
Actors on Political Actors

• Economic embargo
• Conduct of hostilities

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Economic support Economic Embargo
Political management of the crisis
Belligerants
Armed forces / groups
UN Security Council
Economic embargo
PK forces
Human Security of Affected Population
States
.

Stable situation Crisis
Armed Conflict Transition
Stable situation
NGOs
ICRC
National RC/RC societies
IOM
UNICEF
WHO

PPR - 2000
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Conduct of Hostilities
Human Security of Affected Population

Crisis Armed Conflict
Transition
Providing health services
Preventing HR violations
Providing food support
Monitoring HR
Providing economic support
Assessing conduct of hostilities
Providing shelter
Humanitarian Diplomacy
Providing water
Dealing with sexual violences
Immunization
Dissemination IHL
Psychosocial support
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ICRC and Human Security
The ICRC a bit reluctant to refer to human
security as an ICRC working concept, mainly not
to be seen as part of a political concept
developed by UN States.
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Thank you
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Bibliography
http//www.humansecuritygateway.info/ For
follow-up activities on the Commission on Human
Security, its report and the Advisory Board on
Human Security, please go to the website of the
Human Security Unit (HSU) The Human Security
Report 2005, Human Security Center The Human
Security Bulletin is the flagship bilingual
on-line publication of the Canadian Consortium on
Human Security (CCHS) Human Security now
Protecting and Empowring people - Published
August, 2003 UN
NATO's
new security vocation Web edition - Vol. 47 - No.
4 - Winter 1999 -p. 8-11
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Henry Dunant believed that the security of people
mustnt be superseded by the security needs of
states and governments. In that, Henry Dunant was
one of the early proponents of what we call Human
Security. Today it is Japan who carries forward
that vision through its foreign policy emphasis
on Human Security as a complement to traditional
state security. As Ms Ogata writes, in the past,
security threats were assumed to emanate from
external sources. State security focused mainly
on protecting the state its boundaries, people,
institutions, and values from external attacks.
She also notes that internal, intra-state armed
conflicts make up the majority of today's
conflicts and the traditional interstate wars
have become a rarity. Today it is internal
violence - sometime carried out by transnational
actors - that is the primary source of human
insecurity. As the Commission for Human Security
pointed out, threats to Human Security are
manifold direct and indirect threats, sudden and
pervasive risks and threats. From a humanitarian
point of view, human security is a function of
threats to the integrity of individuals and
communities. Above and beyond the basic medical
and nutritional needs, sexual violence, forced
displacement, separation of families, ethnic
cleansing, disappearances, torture and
ill-treatment all have an impact on the physical
and psychological integrity of individuals as
well as cultural, ethnic, and family-related
integrity of communities. These are our precisely
among our main areas of work. With your
permission I would like to use two key words in
the Commissions definition of Human Security -
Protection and Empowerment - to illustrate what
IHL stands for and what the International
Committee of the Red Cross, in the footsteps of
Henry Dunant, does in its everyday endeavour to
protect and assist victims of armed conflict
around the globe. The Commission notes that Human
Security is deliberately protective and
recognises that people and communities are deeply
threatened by events largely beyond their
control. Civilians are indeed the main casualties
of armed conflicts today. The ICRC aims to be at
the forefront of the international community's
response to the humanitarian needs of persons
affected by conflict. Our humanitarian action is
primarily based on needs and, guided by the
principle of impartiality, we follow an "all
victims approach" and give priority in our
response to the most vulnerable people and to the
most essential needs. IHL embodies human security
in that it basically holds that people must be
granted the most essential personal security and
provided with services necessary for their
survival in dignity. By combining activities to
promote respect for the law with operational
activities in the field, the ICRC above all seeks
to create conditions whereby the civilian
population can fend for themselves, remain in
their homes, and lead their lives in relative
safety and dignity despite the volatile and
dangerous environment in which they happen to
find themselves. Prevention and protection is
thus a major aspect of our work, inline with the
fundamental idea of Human Security as defined by
the Commission.
A. Gnadinger. Dir/GEN ICRC Japan - Dec. 2005