AVIATION WEATHER

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Avn Weather Exam

• 7 out of 10 Atmosphere Airmasses,
• Pressure Winds,
• Stability and Clouds
• 7 out of 10 Frontal Weather
• 7 out of 10 Weather Hazards
• 7 out of 10 Weather Reports Forecasts
• 7 out of 10 Weather Charts

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FORECASTS
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Enabling Learning Objective (ELO) A

• ACTION The student will interpret the data
  contained in a Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF).
• CONDITION Given pertinent information about a
  TAF.
• STANDARD IAW FM 1-230

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Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
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TAF

• The expected meteorological conditions
  significant to aviation at an airport during
  the specified time issued by
• NWS.

• Airport is defined as the area within a 5nm
  radius of the center of the runway complex

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TAF

• Issued four times daily (every 6 hours)
  0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, 1800Z.

• Valid for a 24 - hour period (except for
• high-impact airports and military airfields
  which have a 30-hr validity period.)
• (1 April, 2012 change)

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High-Impact Cities with TAFs for 30 hours

• KATL-Hartsfield/Jackson Atlanta Intl
• KBDL-Bradley Intl
• KBOS-Gen Edward Lawrence Intl
• KBWI-Baltimore-Washington Intl
• KCLE-Cleveland/Hopkins Intl
• KCVG-Cincinnati-N Kentucky Intl
• KDEN-Denver Intl
• KDFW-Dallas/Ft Worth Intl
• KDTW-Detroit Metro Wayne Co
• KEWR-Newark Liberty Intl
• KIAD-Washington Dullus Intl
• KIAH-George Bush Intercontinental
• KIND-Indianapolis Intl
• KJFK-John F Kennedy Intl
• KLAX-Los Angeles Intl
• KMKE-General Mitchell Intl

• KMSP-Minneapolis/St Paul Intl
• KOAK-Metro Oakland Intl
• KONT-Ontario Intl
• KORD-Chicago OHare Intl
• KPHL-Philadelphia Intl
• KPIT-Pittsburgh Intl
• KSAN-San Diego Intl
• KSDF-Louisville Intl
• KSEA-Seattle-Tacoma Intl
• KSFO-San Francisco Intl
• KSLC-Salt Lake City Intl
• KSTL- Lambert-St Louis Intl
• KSWF-Stewart Intl
• PANC-Ted Stevens Anchorage Intl
• PHNL-Honolulu Intl
• PAFA-Fairbanks Intl

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ORDER OF ENTRY

• TYPE OF REPORT
• STATION IDENTIFIER (FOUR LETTERS)
• ISSUE TIME
• VALID TIME
• WIND
• VISIBILITY
• SIGNIFICANT WEATHER
• SKY CONDITION
• WIND SHEAR

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KMGM 091750Z 0918/1018Z 22020KT 5SM HZFU
SCT010 BKN025 FM 092030 30015G25KT 2SM BKN030
PROB40 0922/0924 30010KT 2SM SHRA OVC010 FM
100300 28010KT 2SM SHRA BKN025 FM 101200 27005KT
4SM FG OVC008
STATION IDENTIFIER
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KMGM 091750Z 0918/1018Z 22020KT 5SM HZFU
SCT010 BKN025 FM 092030 30015G25KT 2SM BKN030
PROB40 0922/0924 30010KT 2SM SHRA OVC010 FM
100300 28010KT 2SM SHRA BKN025 FM 101200 27005KT
4SM FG OVC008
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KMGM 091750Z 0918/1018Z 22020KT 5SM HZFU
SCT010 BKN025 FM 092030 30015G25KT 2SM BKN030
PROB40 0922/0924 30010KT 2SM SHRA OVC010 FM
100300 28010KT 2SM SHRA BKN025 FM 101200 27005KT
4SM FG OVC008
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KMGM 091750Z 0918/1018Z 22020KT 5SM HZFU
SCT010 BKN025 FM 092030 30015G25KT 2SM BKN030
PROB40 0922/0924 30010KT 2SM SHRA OVC010 FM
100300 28010KT 2SM SHRA BKN025 FM 101200 27005KT
4SM FG OVC008
TIME DIVIDER - FROM FROM 2030 on the 9th day,
a rapid change lt 1hr
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KMGM 091750Z 0918/1018Z 22020KT 5SM HZFU
SCT010 BKN025 FM 092030 30015G25KT 2SM BKN030
PROB40 0922/0924 30010KT 2SM SHRA OVC010 FM
100300 28010KT 2SM SHRA BKN025 FM 101200 27005KT
4SM FG OVC008
TIME DIVIDER - FROM
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KDHN 091754Z 0918/1018Z 00000KT 1/2SM FG
VV003 BECMG 0920/0922 02005KT 2SM FGHZ FM100100
03010KT 3SM -SHRA SCT008 BKN020 FM101000
06015KT 4SM RA OVC020 TEMPO 1012/1014 06010KT
1SM SHRA OVC010 FM101500 09010KT 5SM
BKN010 BKN030 OVC060
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KDHN 091754Z 0918/1018Z 00000KT 1/2SM FG
VV003 BECMG 0920/0922 02005KT 2SM FGHZ FM100100
03010KT 3SM -SHRA SCT008 BKN020 FM101000
06015KT 4SM RA OVC020 TEMPO 1012/1014 06010KT
1SM SHRA OVC010 FM101500 09010KT 5SM
BKN010 BKN030 OVC060
CHANGE INDICATOR TEMPO Temporary change on the
10th day between 1200Z and1400Z.
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KMGM 091750Z 0918/1018Z 22020KT 5SM HZFU
SCT010 BKN025 FM 092030 30015G25KT 2SM BKN030
FM 100300 28010KT 2SM SHRA BKN025 PROB30
1004/1006 30010KT 2SM SHRA OVC010 FM 101200
27005KT 4SM FG OVC008
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TAF

• P6SM
• Visibility Plus 6SM
• NSW
• No Significant Weather
• SKY CONDITIONS
• CB Only cloud type in TAF
• Low Level Wind Shear (non-TS shear w/in 2000 ft)
• WS010/18040KT
• Placed in TAF when PIREPS report airspeed change
  of 20 kts or more or vertical shears of 10 kts or
  more per 100 ft .

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KDHN 091754Z 0918/1018Z 00000KT 1/2SM FG
VV003 BECMG 0920/0922 02005KT 2SM FGHZ FM100100
03010KT 3SM -SHRA SCT008 BKN020 FM101000
06015KT 4SM RA OVC020 TEMPO 1012/1014 06010KT
1SM SHRA OVC010 FM101500 09010KT 5SM BKN010
BKN030 OVC060
Forecast for 9th day _at_ 2300Z ?
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KDHN 091754Z 0918/1018Z 00000KT 1/2SM FG
VV003 BECMG 0920/0922 02005KT 2SM FGHZ FM100100
03010KT 3SM -SHRA SCT008 BKN020 FM101000
06015KT 4SM RA OVC020 TEMPO 1012/1014 06010KT
1SM SHRA OVC010 FM101500 09010KT 5SM BKN010
BKN030 OVC060
Forecast for 9th day at 1900Z?
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KDHN 091754Z 0918/1018Z 00000KT 1/2SM FG
VV003 BECMG 0920/0922 02005KT 2SM FGHZ FM100100
03010KT 3SM -SHRA SCT008 BKN020 FM101000
06015KT 4SM RA OVC020 TEMPO 1012/1014 06010KT
1SM SHRA OVC010 FM101500 09010KT 5SM BKN010
BKN030 OVC060
Forecast for 10th day at 1030Z ?
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KDHN 091754Z 0918/1018Z 00000KT 1/2SM FG
VV003 BECMG 0920/0922 02005KT 2SM FGHZ FM100100
03010KT 3SM -SHRA SCT008 BKN020 FM101000
06015KT 4SM RA OVC020 TEMPO 1012/1014 06010KT
1SM SHRA OVC010 FM101500 09010KT 5SM BKN010
BKN030 OVC060
Forecast for 10th day at 1600Z ?
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Military TAFs
Maximum Temp oC and Forecast Time
Visibility greater than 6SM
Travis AFB, CA
KSUU 1011/1111 24010G15KT 9999 BKN180
QNH3020INS. BECMG 1104/1105 20010G15KT 8000
RA BR BKN030VOVC050 QNH3005INS T11/23Z T08/13Z
1600 meters 1 SM 6000 meters 4 SM 8000 meters
5 SM 9000 meters 6 SM 9999 meters 6 SM
1600 meters 1 SM 6000 meters 4 SM 8000 meters
5 SM 9000 meters 6 SM 9999 meters 6 SM
Forecasted Altimeter Setting (hg)
Minimum Temp oC and Forecast Time
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• KOZR 221458Z 15008KT 7SM SCT035 SCT080 BKN250
  28/21 A3003 RMK SLP169 52012
• KOZR 221010 11002KT 9999 BKN045 BKN120 OVC250
  QNH2995INS
• TEMPO 1417 15007KT 8000 -SHRA BKN030 BKN120
  OVC250
• BECMG 1920 18006KT 8000 -SHRA BKN030 BKN120
  OVC250 QNH2992INS
• TEMPO 2024 VRB10G15KT 6000 -TSRA BKN020CB
  BKN120 OVC250
• BECMG 0102 14004KT 9999 NSW SCT020 BKN120
  OVC250 QNH2997INS
• BECMG 0910 VRB02KT 8000 BR BKN020 BKN060 OVC250
  QNH2999INS T30/21Z T17/11Z

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BECMG CLR ?
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Enabling Learning Objective (ELO) B

• ACTION The student will interpret data contained
  in winds aloft forecast charts.
• CONDITION Given pertinent information about a
  winds aloft forecast
• STANDARD IAW AC 00-45F

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WINDS ALOFT FORECAST
Data based on 010000Z Valid 010600Z FOR USE
0500-0900Z. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000 FT 3000
6000 9000 12000 18000
24000 MKC 9900 170906 201800
2130-06 2242-18 2361-30
Issue times Winds and Temperature Aloft
forecasts are issued 4 times per day and overlap
each other by one hour (beginning and ending ).
Each chart covers a specific area, usually
several states.
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Forecast Levels
Begin usually at 3000 feet MSL
Winds will be given for 3000, 6000, 9000, 12,000,
15,000, 18,000, 24,000, 30,000, 34,000, and
39,000 foot levels
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Through 15,000 feet, levels are MSL altitude,
18,000 feet and above are PA
Winds are not normally given for altitudes below
1,500 feet of the surface
Temps are not normally given within 2,500 feet of
the surface
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Wind Direction
Given in reference to True North to the nearest
10 degrees
Shown in two digits
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Wind Speeds
Given in knots (2 digits)
Wind Speeds of less than 5 knots are shown as 9900
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2312 would be?
From 230 at 12 knots
1820?
From 180 at 20 knots
9900?
Light and variable winds speeds of less than 5
knots
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Winds above 100 knots Do the math!
Add 50 to the direction
Subtract 100 from speed
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Winds from 250 degrees at 145 knots would look
like?
7545
Interpreted 75 750o 500o 250o wind
direction 45 100 kts 145 knots wind speed
Winds from 180 degrees at 180 knots would look
like?
6880
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Forecast winds of 200 knots or more will be shown
as 199 knots
Winds from 270 at 250 knots would look like?
7799
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Temperatures
In Celsius (two digits), for positive and -
for negative temps
Temps above 24,000 feet are always assumed to be
negative
The lowest altitude forecast for temperature is
6000 feet MSL.
Temps are not normally given within 2,500 feet of
the surface
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Temperatures
In Celsius (two digits), for positive and -
for negative temps
Temps above 24,000 feet are always assumed to be
negative
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Sample Winds Aloft Forecast
Data based on 010000Z Valid 010600Z FOR USE
0500-0900Z. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000 FT 3000
6000 9000 12000 18000
24000 MKC 9900 181006 201800
2130-06 2242-18 2361-30
Winds at 7,500 feet would be?
190 degrees at 14 knots, temp 3 degrees
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BREAK TIME!!!!
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Practical Exercise
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Flight Weather Briefing DD-Form 175-1
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110304
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TH67 / 2741
OZR / 1300
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-20
010 10005 13
none
020 11010 12
030 13015 12 040 14015 11 050
15020/09 060 16025/07 070 16030/05
080 17040/03
X
X
X
090 OZR
400 OZR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SFC - 050 OZR VC TSTMS
OZR
OZR
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20025 /14 C
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X
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HEY-MXF
060
110
HEY-MXF
X
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X
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HEY-MXF
HEY-MXF
HEY-MXF
HVY NR
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3
BKN 050
18020
2999
1312
MXF
1512
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x
1200
AJL
Your Signature
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Previous edition may be used
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Safety First

• Use all resources of information in your flight
  planning.
• Someone is waiting back home.

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ELY, NV
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Break Time