Conflicts of Identity

1
Conflicts of Identity

• Chapter 22
• Lesson 2

2
Identity and Ethnicity

• Ethnicity
• They speak the same language, have the same
  customs, and share other cultural aspects.
  
• People often go to war over economic and
  political conditions.
  
• Can go to war over ethnic and religious
  differences.

3
Identity and Ethnicity

• Yugoslavia
• Multiethnic nation
• A nation with many different ethnic groups
• Country broke apart when communist lost power.
• Nation of republics
• 1991 two of the six republics declared
  independence.
  
• Slovenia and Croatia
• As a result Serbia and Montenegro fought a bitter
  war with Croatia.
  
• Mainly fought over ethnicity.
• With help from the UN, most fighting was over in
  1998.

4
Kosovo

• Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in
  1992.
  
• Slobodan Milosevic, the president of Serbia
  encouraged Serbs to carry out a policy of ethnic
  cleansing.
  
• Means to drive out or kill people who do not
  share the same identity.
  
• Many countries helped to end the war.
• Believed that ethnic cleansing was wrong and
  violated human rights.
  
• Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia in 1995.

5
Kosovo

• Kosovo
• A district of Serbia became the next trouble
  spot.
  
• Most people are Muslim Albanians called
  Kosovars.
  
• Wanted freedom and independence.
• In 1999 Milosevic sent in a mostly Serbian army
  to burn and loot property.
  
• Killed thousands of innocent people and drove
  about 1 million Kosovars out of Kosovo

6
Kosovo

• NATO stepped in to help.
• NATO fighter jets bombed Belgrade
• Capital of Serbia
• Forced Milosevic to withdraw his army and provide
  help for refugees.

7
Central Africa

• 1990s the Central African countries of Rwanda
  and Burundi exploded in Civil War.
  
• Majority of people in these two countries are
  either Tutsi or Hutu ethnic groups.
  
• Practice the same religion and speak the same
  language.
  
• Distinct by they both have their own traditions.
  
  
• Causes much tension and violence.

8
Central Africa

• Army in Burundi
• Controlled by the Tutsi
• Killed thousands of Hutu citizens in 1993.
• Hutu in Rwanda
• In 1994 the Hutu tried to wipe out the entire
  Tutsi population there.
  
• As many as 1 million Tutsi died.

9
Central Africa

• Rwanda
• Tutsi then took control of Rwanda
• Drove out the Hutu
• More than 1 million Hutu refugees fled.
• Mostly to Democratic Republic of Congo and
  Zaire.
  
• Democratic Republic of Congo rebel forces then
  attacked the refugee camps and drove the Hutu
  back to Rwanda.
  
• Survivors face enormous problems.
• Cities are badly damaged
• Cant find food, jobs, or shelter.

10
Northern Ireland

• Fighting focuses on religious differences between
  Protestants and Catholics.
  
• Ireland used to be all one country but was split
  by Great Britain into Northern Ireland and
  Ireland in 1920.
  
• Ireland became an independent nation while
  Northern Ireland was still part of Great Britain.
  
  
• Ireland is predominately Catholic while Northern
  Ireland is predominately Protestant.

11
Northern Ireland

• By the 1960s, the Protestant majority controlled
  Northern Irelands parliament.
  
• As a result the Catholic minority began a
  movement for civil rights.
  
• British troops were sent in and violence grew.
• Conflict has caused the deaths of more than 3,000
  people.

12
Northern Ireland

• Mairead Corrigan Maguire
• Peace activist
• Lost family members to the Catholic-Protestant
  violence.
  
• Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1976
• Believes that people in the 21st century need to
  conform to a new form of identity
  
• It is fine to celebrate our diversity and our
  roots, but somehow we mustunderstand the most
  important identity that we havethe human family.

13
The Struggle of Women

• Involves about half the population.
• In some countries women have the same
  opportunities has men but in others the status of
  women is very low.
  
• Taliban came to power in 1996 in Afghanistan.
• Drove women out of the workforce and girls out of
  the school.

14
The Struggle of Women

• Policies like this caused reaction in the global
  community.
  
• Mary Robinson
• Became the High Commissioner for Human Rights in
  1997.
  
• Encourages nations to ratify the Convention on
  the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.
  
• Been called the human rights charter for women.

15
Struggles for Change

• Many countries have greatly improved human rights
  but some still have a repressive governments.
  
• Denies the basic rights of citizens.
• Aung Sand Suu Kyi
• Led the struggle against the repressive
  government in Myanmar
  
• Has one of the worlds worst records on human
  rights.

16
Struggles for Change

• Chiapas
• Mexicos poorest state rebelled against the
  government.
  
• Angry about living conditions.
• Farm workers and laborers lost their land to
  wealthy farmers and landowners.
  
• Some changes have occurred however they continue
  to seek greater rights and better living
  conditions.
  
• Rigoberta Menchu
• Led a group of workers in a strike against
  plantation owners in Guatemala.
  

17
Limited Freedom

• Peoples Republic of China has been criticized
  for its human rights record.
  
• Communist Party has begun to allow the Chinese
  people some economic freedom.
  
• They can now start their own business.
• Government still denies people human rights.
• Freedom of speech

18
Limited Freedom

• Tiananmen Square in Beijing
• In 1989, students gathered there for a mass
  protest.
  
• Chinese government sent in the army to crust the
  protestors.
  
• Hundreds were killed, many students were arrested
  and imprisoned.
  
• Seen all over the world on television.

19
Limited Freedom

• One student leader remembered it like this
• On a day in June that should have belonged to
  season of fresh flowers, my people, my
  countrymen, my classmatesfell.