The Great War, 19141918

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The Great War, 19141918
Chapter Overview
Time Line
The Stage Is Set for War
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SECTION
War Consumes Europe
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SECTION
War Affects the World
3
SECTION
A Flawed Peace
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SECTION
MAP
GRAPH
Visual Summary
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The Great War, 19141918
With a political assassination, a complex system
of alliances draws Europe into war. Some colonial
subjects support the Allies, while others remain
uninvolved. The Treaty of Versailles does little
to build a lasting peace.
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The Great War, 19141918
Time Line
1916 (Feb.) French and German battle at Verdun.
1914 (June) Archduke Franz Ferdinand
assassinated. (July) Austria declares war on
Serbia World War I begins.
1918 (Nov.) Allies defeat Central Powers war
ends.
1915 (Jan.) Trench warfare underway on Western
Front. (Feb.) Gallipoli campaign starts in Turkey.
1917 (April) United States enters war.
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The Stage Is Set for War
Key Idea
Nationalism unifies countries in Europe but also
leads to commercial and territorial rivalries.
Bismarck forms the Triple Alliance, while Britain
joins with France and Russia to form the Triple
Entente. An assassination causes war to break out.
Overview
Assessment
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The Stage Is Set for War
Overview
militarism Triple Alliance Kaiser Wilhel
m II
Triple Entente
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In Europe, military buildup, nationalistic
feelings, and rival alliances set the stage for a
continental war.
Ethnic conflict in the Balkan region, which
helped start the war, continued to erupt in that
area in the 1990s.
Assessment
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The Stage Is Set for War
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the major events that led to World
War I.
1882 Triple Alliance formed.
1890s European arms race
1908 Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1890 German foreign policy changed.
1907 Triple Entente formed.
1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife killed.
continued . . .
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The Stage Is Set for War
1
Section
Assessment
2. Why might the machinery of war, set in
motion by the assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand, have been difficult to stop? THINK
ABOUT
nationalism
militarism
the alliance system
ANSWER
Intense nationalism prompted nations to compete
for superiority in all areas.
Militarism had led to the establishment of large
armies, as well as to the glorification of
military might. The alliance system required its
members to support one another in case of war.
Possible Responses
End of Section 1
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War Consumes Europe
Key Idea
European nations take up frontlines divided
between the Central Powers and the Allies.
Despite major battles and terrible casualties,
neither side advances.
Overview
Assessment
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War Consumes Europe
Overview
Schlieffen Plan Central Powers Allies
Western Front trench warfare Eastern Fro
nt
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
One European nation after another was drawn into
a large and industrialized war that resulted in
many casualties.
Much of the technology of modern warfare, such as
fighter planes and tanks, was introduced in World
War I.
Assessment
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War Consumes Europe
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Write the immediate reason why each
nation listed below declared war on the other
nation listed.
Saw Russias troops along German border as threat
Wanted a quick victory in the west
Outraged over violation of Belgian neutrality
continued . . .
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War Consumes Europe
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Section
Assessment
2.  How was war on the Western Front and Eastern
Front different? How was it the same? THINK
ABOUT
trench warfare
which nations fought on each front
war casualties
ANSWER
Western Fronttrench warfare small land gains
Germany vs. Britain and France
Eastern Front Germans, Austrians, Turks vs.
Russians and Serbs absence of trenches more
mobile warfare larger land gains
Bothhuge numbers of soldiers killed mass
destruction of land deplorable conditions
stalemates
Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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War Affects the World
Key Idea
The Allies expand the war beyond Europe. The
United States enters the conflict. Citizens
undergo rationing, and many women go to work in
factories. Fresh American troops give the Allies
an edge. The Kaiser abdicates, and an armistice
is signed.
Overview
Assessment
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War Affects the World
Overview
unrestricted submarine warfare
total war rationing propaganda armis
tice
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
World War I spread to several continents and
required the full resources of many governments.
The war propelled the United States to a new
position of international power, which it retains
today.
Assessment
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War Affects the World
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the reasons why the United States
entered World War I.
Germans sink Lusitania, a British ship carrying
some American passengers.
Germany returns to unrestricted submarine
warfare, sinking U.S. ships.
Zimmermann note decodedGerman note urging Mexico
to take up arms against U.S.
Strong feelings of sympathy for the Allies
continued . . .
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War Affects the World
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Section
Assessment
2. In what ways was World War I truly a global
conflict?
THINK ABOUT
where the war was fought
who participated in the war effort
ANSWER
The war was fought in numerous places outside
Europe Africa, Southwest Asia, China, and the
Pacific. People from many nations participated in
the war effort, including colonial subjects
throughout Africa and Asia.
Possible Response
continued . . .
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War Affects the World
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Section
Assessment
3. How did the concept of total war affect the
warring nations economies? THINK ABOUT
the governments new role in their economies
the scarcity of food and other products
the role of women
unemployment rates during the war years
ANSWER
Governments took greater control of economies,
telling factories what and how much to produce.
Civilian factories were turned into munitions
factories. Rationing was common. Women became
a significant part of the work force.
More people were put to work.
Possible Responses
End of Section 3
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A Flawed Peace
GRAPH
MAP
Key Idea
The Treaty of Versailles ignores Wilsons
Fourteen Points, creates new nations in Europe,
and is rejected by the United States Senate. The
war leaves millions dead and wounded and costs
hundreds of billions of dollars.
Overview
Assessment
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A Flawed Peace
GRAPH
MAP
Overview
Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceau David
Lloyd George Fourteen Points self-determin
ation Treaty of Versailles League of Natio
ns
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After winning the war, the Allies dictated a
harsh peace settlement that left many nations
feeling betrayed.
Hard feelings left by the peace settlement helped
cause World War II.
Assessment
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A Flawed Peace
GRAPH
MAP
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Explain the effects of World War I.
Millions of lives lost
338 billion cost
Land, towns, and villages destroyed
Widespread disillusionment
continued . . .
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A Flawed Peace
GRAPH
MAP
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Section
Assessment
2. Do you think the peace settlements at
Versailles were fair? Why or why not? Consider
the warring and nonwarring nations affected.
THINK ABOUT
Germanys punishment
the creation of new nations
the mandate system
ANSWER
Fair Germany was punished for its aggression,
and numerous independence claims were addressed
through the creation of new nations.
Unfair Germany was too harshly punished, and
colonial peoples did not get their independence.
Possible Responses
End of Section 4